The status and future of scale insect (<scp>C</scp>occoidea) systematics

Hardy, Nate B.

doi:10.1111/syen.12022

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Furthermore, the time–species accumulation curve provides a good way to estimate the taxonomic efforts among different taxa and identify neglected taxa. To discover the one-third unknown scale insects as soon as possible in the context of increasing human impacts on ecosystem, investment in research on traditionally neglected taxa and understudied geographic regions, especially the southern hemisphere and palaeotropics ( Hardy, 2013 ), needs to be done. Considering difficulty and complexity of identification of scale insects, efficient communication, taxonomic revisions, international collaborations, and amature taxonomist training should contribute to discovering more species of scale insects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery pattern and species number of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

Deng

Cui

et al. 2016

PeerJ

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Few investigations have been made of the species description trend of scale insects. The present study reports the discovery pattern and taxonomic efforts for this group based on global species and a literature dataset. In addition, three asymptotic models (Logistic, Gompertz, and Extreme Value) based on a discovery curve were used to predict the species number of scale insects. Our results showed that the species description rate has been changing over time, with certain peaks and valleys in the past 250 years. The mean number of species described per year was 30, with the highest number of 195 described species in 1985. The increasing number of authors and the almost constant proportion of species described by 10% most prolific authors since the 1900s suggested that taxonomic effort has been increasing over time. The Gompertz model with lowest AIC value suggested that there are about 10,450 species of scale insects on Earth, nearly 30% of which remain to be described. Our study offers insights into the discovery pattern of scale insect diversity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery pattern and species number of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

Deng

Cui

et al. 2016

PeerJ

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“…They are frequently encountered at ports-of-entry to the U.S. and other countries but are difficult to identify because their morphology is highly derived, and specimens require labor-intensive, skilled preparation as slide mounts. Few systematists are trained in their preparation and identification (Hardy 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An online interactive identification key to common pest species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae), version 1.0

Schneider¹,

Fizdale²,

Normark³

2019

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Citation: Schneider SA, Fizdale MA, Normark BB (2019) An online interactive identification key to common pest species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae), version 1.0. ZooKeys 867: 87-96. https://doi. AbstractAspidiotini is a species-rich tribe of armored scale insects that includes several polyphagous and specialist pests that are commonly encountered at ports-of-entry to the United States and many other countries. This article describes a newly available online interactive tool that can be used to identify 155 species of Aspidiotini that are recognized as minor to major pests or that are potentially emergent pests. This article lists the species and features included with a description of the development and structure of the key. The interactive key is free to access at https://idtools.org/id/scales/aspidiotini/about_index.php.

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“…The superfamily Coccoidea (based here on the classifications of, e.g., Gullan andCook, 2007, andHardy, 2013) is the most diverse lineage of the four major, monophyletic groups of the sternorrhyncha; the others being aphidoidea (sister group to the scales), Psylloidea, and aleyrodoidea (e.g., börner, 1934;schlee, 1969;Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). as of 2013, there are approximately 7900 recent described species classified in 1110 genera and 33 recent and 16 extinct families .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is why, despite highly reduced and specialized morphology, the taxonomy of Coccoidea is essentially based on the adult females (see Hardy, 2013, for a review). This stage, however, is rarely fossilized, notable exceptions being the occasional specimen in amber, as well as Eocene and Miocene leaves preserved with the remains of female Diaspididae, or armored scales (Harris et al, 2007;Wappler and ben-Dov, 2008), a family well known for its durable encasements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea

Vea

Grimaldi

2015

American Museum Novitates

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Coccoids are abundant and diverse in most amber deposits around the world, but largely as macropterous males. based on a study of male coccoids in lebanese amber (Early Cretaceous), burmese amber (albian-Cenomanian), Cambay amber from western India (Early Eocene), and baltic amber (mid-Eocene), 16 new species, 11 new genera, and three new families are added to the coccoid fossil record: apticoccidae, n. fam., based on Apticoccus Koteja and azar, and including two new species A. fortis, n. sp., and A. longitenuis, n. sp.; the monotypic family Hodgsonicoccidae, n. fam., including Hodgsonicoccus patefactus, n. gen., n. sp.; Kozariidae, n. fam., including Kozarius achronus, n. gen., n. sp., and K. perpetuus, n. sp.; the first occurrence of a Coccidae in burmese amber, Rosahendersonia prisca, n. gen., n. sp.; the first fossil record of a Margarodidae sensu stricto, Heteromargarodes hukamsinghi, n. sp.; a peculiar Diaspididae in Indian amber, Normarkicoccus cambayae, n. gen., n. sp.; a Pityococcidae from baltic amber, Pityococcus moniliformalis, n. sp., two Pseudococcidae in lebanese and burmese ambers, Williamsicoccus megalops, n. gen., n. sp., and Gilderius eukrinops, n. gen., n. sp.; an Early Cretaceous Weitschatidae, Pseudoweitschatus audebertis, n. gen., n. sp.; four genera considered incertae sedis, Alacrena peculiaris, n. gen., n. sp., Magnilens glaesaria, n. gen., n. sp., and Pedicellicoccus marginatus, n. gen., n. sp., and Xiphos vani, n. gen., n. sp. Interpretation of fossil coccoids is supported by a parsimony phylogenetic analysis based on 174 morphological characters (both adult males and females) and 112 taxa (69 recent and 43 extinct).

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The status and future of scale insect (Coccoidea) systematics

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Discovery pattern and species number of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

Discovery pattern and species number of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

An online interactive identification key to common pest species of Aspidiotini (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae), version 1.0

Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea

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