The status of water demand management in selected cities of southern Africa

Gumbo, Bekithemba

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.029

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Efforts to address such water losses through conservation measures and WDM often bear impressive results (Brandes and Ferguson 2004 ;Schwartz 2008 ;Da-ping et al 2011 ). As Gumbo ( 2004 ) points out, the argument for WDM is sound and convincing: if there is a shortage of water for urban supplies, do not limit the solution to supply options only, but also consider demand-side options, such as minimising water losses and infl uencing demand to more desirable levels through structural measures such as retrofi tting of water appliances, recycling and reuse, active or reactive leak detection and repair.…”

Section: Implications For Water Governance and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In essence, WDM has evolved into long-term municipal planning that helps to avoid costly capital infrastructural expansions (Vickers 2001 ;Brooks 2006 ;Kevinsen et al 2014 ). A study by Gumbo ( 2004 ) focusing on eight cities in Southern Africa concluded that cities such as Bulawayo in Zimbabwe, Windhoek in Namibia and Hermanus in South Africa, which have invested in WDM, signifi cantly reduced water losses (by at least 20 %). The same study also concluded that cities performing well in terms of WDM have higher water-supply coverage fi gures, with at least 90 % of the population having individual or household water connections, while cities that did not implement WDM approaches could not account for more than half of the water supplied.…”

Section: Implications For Water Governance and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar pricing system decreased average monthly residential water use by nearly 30 % in Bogor, Indonesia (Postel 2000 ). Regional water providers in South Africa managed to delay the construction of new water-supply systems by imposing higher rates, distributing water conservation equipment and educating the public (Gumbo 2004 ).…”

Section: Implications For Water Governance and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Free-Market Economics and Developmental Statism as Political Paradigms: Implications for Water Governance Theory and Practice in Developing Countries

Chikozho

Mapedza²

2016

Freshwater Governance for the 21st Century

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Key actors in various developing countries are often confronted by diffi cult choices when it comes to the selection and deployment of appropriate water governance regimes taking into account national socio-economic and political realities. Indeed, scholars and practitioners alike continue to grapple with the need to create the optimum water-supply and allocation decision-making space applicable to specifi c developing countries. This chapter uses case studies to explore the utility of free-market economics and developmental statism as two major paradigms that have emerged in the face of enduring questions about how best to govern watersupply systems in developing countries. The chapter establishes that increasing pressure on available natural resources may have already rendered obsolete some of the water-supply systems and governance regimes that have served human societies very well for many decades. It is also clear that national water-supply governance paradigms tend to change in tandem with emerging national development theoretical frameworks and priorities. Each nation or local government feels compelled to adopt a particular framework to fulfi l its needs taking into account the broader global water policy context. While many developing countries have adopted water policy prescriptions from the international arena, national and local socio-economic and political realities ultimately determine what works and what does not work on the ground. Local realities have also helped to inform how nation-states domesticate global concepts for their local purposes. Thus, the choice between free-market approaches and developmental state-oriented approaches is never simple, and hybrid models are often deployed. Indeed, the majority of countries and municipalities rely on a mix of market economics and developmental statism to make their water governance regimes more realistic and workable on the ground.

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Section: Implications For Water Governance and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Water Governance and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Water Governance and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Free-Market Economics and Developmental Statism as Political Paradigms: Implications for Water Governance Theory and Practice in Developing Countries

Chikozho

Mapedza²

2016

Freshwater Governance for the 21st Century

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“…The upper Mzingwane and Insiza are fully developed for the supply of water to Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second largest city (Chibi et al, 2006;Kileshye-Onema et al, 2006). Given the strategic importance of Bulawayo's water supply (Gumbo, 2004), it is unrealistic to consider changes to water allocation from the upper Mzingwane or upper Insiza for downstream use. Instead the approach followed was to use actual historic discharges at B20 and B65, which are downstream of the abstractions made for Bulawayo.…”

Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A water balance modelling approach to optimising the use of water resources in ephemeral sand rivers

Love¹,

Zaag

Uhlenbrook

et al. 2011

River Research & Apps

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Alluvial aquifers present a possibility for conjunctive use with surface reservoirs for the storage of water in ephemeral sand rivers such as the Mzingwane River in the Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. The Lower Mzingwane valley is a semi-arid region with high water stress, where livelihoods have revolved around the large rivers for thousands of years. However, current water allocation favours the commercial user: of the 2600 ha irrigated in the 5960 km 2 (596 000 ha) region, only 410 ha are for smallholder farmers. A water balance approach was used to model the surface water resources and groundwater resources to determine the potential for expanding irrigation and to explore water allocation options. Using a combination of field and laboratory investigations, remote sensing and existing data, the Lower Mzingwane valley was modelled successfully using the spreadsheet-based model WAFLEX, with a new module incorporated to compute the water balance of alluvial aquifer blocks.Results showed that the Lower Mzingwane alluvial aquifers can store 38 Â 10 6 m 3 of water, most of that storage being beyond the reach of evaporation. Current water usage can be more than tripled: the catchment could supply water for currently-planned irrigation schemes (an additional 1250 ha), and the further irrigation of two strips of land along each bank of the Mzingwane River (an extra 3630 ha)-without construction of any new reservoirs. The system of irrigating strips of land along each bank of the Mzingwane River would be decentralized, farmer or family owned and operated and the benefits would have the potential to reach a much larger proportion of the population than is currently served. However, there could be substantial downstream impact, with around nearly onethird of inflows not being released to the Limpopo River.The approach developed in this paper can be applied to evaluate the potential of alluvial aquifers, which are widespread in many parts of semi-arid Africa, for providing distributed access to shallow groundwater in an efficient way. This can enhance local livelihoods and regional food security.

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“…However, domestic consumers are hardly aware of the direct and indirect benefits of the water-energy nexus savings at home [10], such as; energy savings for purifying water, utility pumping and corresponding CO 2 reduction [11], energy savings from the waste water purification and lower cost for potable water and waste water management [12]. Whilst most research in South Africa has concentrated on energy efficiency [13,14,15] and electrical demand side management [16,17,18], little attention has been given to water demand management and its effect on energy consumption [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-water optimization model incorporating rooftop water harvesting for lawn irrigation

Wanjiru

Xia

2015

Applied Energy

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The management of energy and water is increasingly gaining attention among domestic end-users. In developing countries, potable water supply is unreliable leading to alternative strategies such as rooftop water harvesting (RWH), storage and pumping. Since urban garden irrigation is the highest outdoor water consumer, optimal scheduling is important to conserve energy and water over conventional lawn irrigation methods. A model to optimally control the lawn irrigation was developed with the simulation results showing 17.4% potential water savings when using water directly from municipal sources. With RWH of a 1-hr event with 1-mm rainfall from a 120-m 2 roof, the model can potentially save 23.4% of water and 73.8% in energy costs per day. Such savings are important in reducing the demand for existing water and energy sources as well as greenhouse emissions. Further, this paper looks into two strategies to maximize the pump's life through minimizing the maintenance cost.Keywords: buildings, energy, optimal scheduling, rooftop water harvesting, time-of-use tariff, water

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The status of water demand management in selected cities of southern Africa

Cited by 34 publications

References 7 publications

Free-Market Economics and Developmental Statism as Political Paradigms: Implications for Water Governance Theory and Practice in Developing Countries

Free-Market Economics and Developmental Statism as Political Paradigms: Implications for Water Governance Theory and Practice in Developing Countries

A water balance modelling approach to optimising the use of water resources in ephemeral sand rivers

Energy-water optimization model incorporating rooftop water harvesting for lawn irrigation

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