The Stereographic Survey of the Shaksgam

Mason, Kenneth

doi:10.2307/1782060

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Historical records of individual glacier mapping in the Himalayan region date back to the early 1800s (e.g. Auden, 1937;Cotter and Brown, 1907;Finsterwalder, 1935;Finsterwalder and Pillewizer, 1937;Godwin-Austen, 1864;Hodgson, 1822;Longstaff, 1910;Mason, 1914Mason, , 1927aMason, , 1927bMason, , 1928Mumm, 1909;Strachey, 1847;Visser, 1926Visser, , 1934Workman, 1906). One of the early comprehensive studies pertaining to the historical glacier fluctuations since the early and mid-19th century was undertaken by Mayewski and Jeschke (1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing the pattern of the Bara Shigri Glacier fluctuation since the end of the Little Ice Age, Chandra valley, north-western Himalaya

Chand

Sharma

Bhambri

et al. 2017

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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The pattern of glacial records since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) are essential for evaluating glacier fluctuations and their link to post-LIA climate change. Although recession of the Himalayan glaciers is well-documented in this period, debate continues as to the magnitude and accuracy of estimated recession rates. This study presents a reconstruction of the pattern of fluctuations at the Bara Shigri Glacier in the Himachal Himalaya during the termination of the LIA (∼1850). A multi-data integrative analysis (MDIA) technique consisting of repeat terrestrial photographs, historical archives and reports, geomorphological evidence and maps, and high to medium spatial resolution satellite images (Corona, Hexagon, Landsat and WorldView-2) was used with supplemented by extensive field validation. The results indicate that during the early part of the 19th century the terminus of Bara Shigri Glacier was at ∼3900 m asl. Following this, there was a continuous recession with a total retreat of 2898 ± 50 m, which corresponds to a frontal areal loss of 4 ± 1 km2 in the last 151 years (1863–2014). Compared to this, during the last half century (1965–2014), the glacierised area was reduced by 1.1 ± 0.02 km2 with a concomitant terminus retreat of 1100 ± 32 m. The early 19th century advance is ascribed to a combination of cooling during this period, glacier topographical characteristics and contributions from steep-fronted avalanching tributaries. The late 19th century recession can be attributed to an overall increase in the temperature with a corresponding decrease in precipitation in the north-western Himalaya. Results are at variance with earlier, larger estimates of the frontal area loss for the Bara Shigri Glacier using either Survey of India (SoI) topographic maps or coarse spatial resolution satellite images (e.g. Landsat MSS) as historical datasets, and demonstrate the utility of mixed method approaches including higher-resolution satellite imagery for accurate estimation of glacier behaviour in this region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing the pattern of the Bara Shigri Glacier fluctuation since the end of the Little Ice Age, Chandra valley, north-western Himalaya

Chand

Sharma

Bhambri

et al. 2017

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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“…Heraud (1975) found similar results when 2 of 5 isolated enterovirus strains could not be classified into the 8 groups of Dunne et a1 (1971) and the results of Knowles ef af (1979) indicate that there are at least 3 further serotypes. Serological evidence from Hudson (1962) and Mason (1970) indicate the presence of serotypes 1, 2 and 5 in Australian pig herds. That the majority of our isolates were found to be serotype 8 appears surprising.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Outbreaks of suspected viral encephalomyelitis have occured in Australia (Gardiner 1962;Munday 1967;Mason 1970) and viruses have been isolated from such outbreaks by Watt et al(1971) and Pass et a1 (1979). Hudson (1962) and Spradbrow (1964) reported evidence of enterovirus infection in healthy pigs in Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characterisation and Pathogenicity of Porcine Enteroviruses Isolated in Victoria

Forman

Pass

Connaughton³

1982

Aust Veterinary J

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SUMMARY Approximately 23 viruses were isolated from healthy pigs, pigs with encephalitis, and in cases of reproductive failure. Five viruses were identified as enteroviruses and a total of 10 isolates were shown to cross‐react serologically to varying degrees. Twenty viruses were neutralised by a reference antiserum of serotype 8 porcine enterovirus. Intracerebral inoculation of colostrum‐deprived piglets with 2 of the characterised viruses caused lesions of encephalomyelitis which were not induced by oral infection. Intrafoetal inoculation of 2 sows with one characterised faecal isolate caused foetal death and abortion, but no adverse effects followed oral dosage.

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“…Apart from detailed text-books on photogrammetry, the use of the precise photo-theodolite is described by Professor Mason (1927) in terms suitable for the ordinary surveyor, in his account of a photographic survey of the Shaksgam. No adequate account of less precise methods of photographic survey seems to be easily available, and for that reason I have devoted some space to it here.…”

Section: Note On Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on Polar Expeditions

Wright¹

1939

Polar Record

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Most of the major problems of Arctic geography have been solved, and there are now few stretches of coastline which have not been at least roughly mapped. In the Antarctic there are still huge blank spaces on the map, but even there the kind of rough and ready maps that were made by early explorers would now be scarcely adequate. A modern polar survey must be much more accurate and comprehensive if it is to be worth while and have any permanent value, and it therefore takes up rather more of the time which used to be almost entirely devoted to travel. On the other hand, modern inventions such as the light but accurate eyepiece reading theodolite, the camera, and the aeroplane, have made available very much more rapid methods of survey than were possible even twenty years ago.

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The Stereographic Survey of the Shaksgam

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Reconstructing the pattern of the Bara Shigri Glacier fluctuation since the end of the Little Ice Age, Chandra valley, north-western Himalaya

Reconstructing the pattern of the Bara Shigri Glacier fluctuation since the end of the Little Ice Age, Chandra valley, north-western Himalaya

The Characterisation and Pathogenicity of Porcine Enteroviruses Isolated in Victoria

Survey on Polar Expeditions

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