“The Stethophone,” An Electrical Stethoscope

The Phonocardiograph

“…Further technical advances in phonocardiography were brought about by the use of an electronic amplifier (Frederick and Dodge, 1924), by recording with mirror galvanometers (Weber, 193I) and by the employmentof a piezo-electriccrystal microphone (Sacks and Marquis, 1935). The propertiesof each of thesedeyiceshas been progressively improved until, to-day, a phonocardiograph incorporating them is capableof giving excellent records of heart soundsand murmurs.…”

The stethoscope goes digital: Learning through attention, distraction and distortion

“…See Frederick/Dodge 1924;Butterworth/Poindexter 1948;Kinnier Wilson/Fothergill/Taylor 1956;Rappaport/Sprague 1941. 28 Eindhoven 1907Frederick/Dodge 1924, 535. 29 Brown 1910Frederick/Dodge 1924, 535.…”

“…28 Eindhoven 1907Frederick/Dodge 1924, 535. 29 Brown 1910Frederick/Dodge 1924, 535. 30 Ibid, 1924: 535.…”

“…Frederick and Dodge 1924. 10 Arlette Farge's text on the historian's material and bodily practices in the archive remains relevant, even in light of changes brought about by the digitization of archives and big data(Farge 1989). Related to this are Gabriella Giannachi's book (2016) on the archive and practices of archiving, and Lisa Gittelman's edited volume (2013) on the constructed nature of data and the different cultural practices (constitution, storage and interpretation) involved in establishing data sets across different disciplines.…”

Postgraduate Clinical NOTES

“…Background noise is likewise a determining factor, as shown by a study of the thresholds of audibility of 40 physicians. 4. Measurements with a sound-level meter of the background noise levels on busy hospital wards and in clinic examining rooms indicate that these environments are not as quiet as is generally supposed and are not conducive to accurate cardiac auscultation.…”