The Stiles-Crawford effect—explanation and consequences

Snyder, Allan W.; Pask, C.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(73)90148-x

Cited by 175 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…3d). We also applied our algorithm to cones and found it to match perfectly previous results for light propagation along these cells 23,[40][41][42] , which were obtained and examined by other methods such as coupled mode theory 22,[43][44][45] .…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…In order to calculate light propagation through the Müller data-cube, we have developed 11 and applied a known algorithm, the fast Fourier transform beam propagation method (FFT BPM) [17][18][19][20][21] . This is a direct three-dimensional (3D) numerical solution of the wave equation, also known as the scalar Helmholtz equation 22,23 :…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The refractive indices of Müller cells are higher than those of their surrounding throughout the retina's depth 10,11 and therefore the cells can be regarded as natural optical fibres 17,23,24 . The refractive index profile and the cell's structure determine the efficiency of light guiding for the various wavelengths.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Müller cells separate between wavelengths to improve day vision with minimal effect upon night vision

et al. 2014

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Vision starts with the absorption of light by the retinal photoreceptors-cones and rods. However, due to the 'inverted' structure of the retina, the incident light must propagate through reflecting and scattering cellular layers before reaching the photoreceptors. It has been recently suggested that Müller cells function as optical fibres in the retina, transferring light illuminating the retinal surface onto the cone photoreceptors. Here we show that Müller cells are wavelength-dependent wave-guides, concentrating the green-red part of the visible spectrum onto cones and allowing the blue-purple part to leak onto nearby rods. This phenomenon is observed in the isolated retina and explained by a computational model, for the guinea pig and the human parafoveal retina. Therefore, light propagation by Müller cells through the retina can be considered as an integral part of the first step in the visual process, increasing photon absorption by cones while minimally affecting rod-mediated vision.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Müller cells separate between wavelengths to improve day vision with minimal effect upon night vision

et al. 2014

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“…At a given wavelength the angular sensitivity of single cones is determined by the waveguide properties, which in turn depend on two main factors: the relative index of refraction of the intracellular and extracellular spaces and the physical diameter of the cones. 3,39 Thus the angular tuning of a region of retina will depend on these two factors plus the variance in the orientation of the group of cones being measured. In general, neither the exact values of the appropriate indices of refraction nor the proper shape and size of the cone aperture are known (see Rowe and Pugh 40 ).…”

Section: B Is There Photoreceptor Disarray In the Central Retina?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in photoreceptor directionality across the central retina

Burns

et al. 1997

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A

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Cones show a differential sensitivity to light coming from different portions of the pupil, typically being most sensitive to light from the center of the pupil. We measured the directional properties of the cones across the central 6 deg of the retina, using an optical imaging technique. We find that the cones in the center of the fovea have the broadest tuning. The width of the angular tuning changes rapidly from 0 deg to 1 deg retinal eccentricity, with cones at 1 deg being much more narrowly tuned than the cones in the center of the fovea. Directional tuning of the cones remains relatively constant from 1 deg to 3 deg retinal eccentricity. Receptoral disarray contributes minimally to the measured directional properties of the foveal cones, and there is no evidence of asymmetry between horizontal and vertical retinal locations. There are only small differences among the five subjects in the change in angular tuning of the cones with retinal location. We find that at the foveal center the directional tuning of the cones is limited by the diameter of the cone apertures.

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“…In this context it is remarkable that there is no evidence to suggest violations of Grassmann's laws for oblique incidence if the reference primaries and the test traverse the same part of the pupil. Thus the physiology may well be one of metameric matching in this latter instance and hypothesis completely explaining these matches by physical events at the level of photon absorption in the photoreceptor outer segment (Brindley, 1953;Walraven & Bouman, 1960;Snyder & Pask, 1973;Fuld, Wooten & Katz, 1979;Alpern, 1979) are by no means excluded as a class. Consider the alternative, consistent with (ii) above, that all effects of oblique incidence occur at a stage where the effects of radiations of different wave-lengths are no longer compounded by simple linear laws.…”

Section: Saturation Of Obliq Uel Y Incident Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

The saturation of monochromatic lights obliquely incident on the retina.

Alpern¹,

Tamaki²

1983

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Foveal dark-adaptation undertaken to test the hypothesis that the excitation of rods causes the desaturation of 'yellow' lights in a 10 field traversing the margin of the pupil, fails to exclude that possibility.2. The desaturation is largest for a 1°outside diameter annular test, is still measurable with a 0.50 circular disk, but disappears for a 0.29°disk. The supersaturation of obliquely incident 501-2 nm test light follows the opposite pattern; it disappears with an annulus and is largest for a 0.290 circular field. It is unlikely that rods replace short-wave sensitive cones in the trichromatic match of an obliquely incident test with normally incident primaries.3. If rods as well as all three cones species are involved, the matches might not be trichromatic in the strong sense. Grassmann's law of scalar multiplication was tested and shown not to hold for the match of an obliquely incident test with normally incident primaries, though it remains valid whenever, both primaries and test strike the retina at the same angle of incidence (independent of that angle).4. The result in section 3 (above) cannot be due to rod intrusion. It persists (and becomes more conspicuous) on backgrounds (4 0 log scotopic td) which saturate rods. Moreover obliquely incident 'yellow' lights remain desaturated in intervals in the dark after a full bleach, whilst the test field is below rod threshold. The amount of desaturation does not differ appreciably from that normally found.5. The assumption of the unified theory of Alpern, Kitahara & Tamaki (1983) that the outer segments of only a single set of three cone species (with acceptance angles wide enough to include the entire exit pupil) contain the visual pigments absorbing both the normally incident primaries and the obliquely incident test is disproved by these results.6. Failure of Grassmann's law is most conspicuous under the conditions for which the changes in saturation upon changing from normal to oblique incidence are greatest and least when the saturation changes are the smallest.7. Either all unified theories of the Stiles-Crawford effects are wrong or all the

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The Stiles-Crawford effect—explanation and consequences

Cited by 175 publications

References 38 publications

Müller cells separate between wavelengths to improve day vision with minimal effect upon night vision

Müller cells separate between wavelengths to improve day vision with minimal effect upon night vision

Variations in photoreceptor directionality across the central retina

The saturation of monochromatic lights obliquely incident on the retina.

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