The stimulus conditions which follow learned responses.

Perkins, Charles C.

doi:10.1037/h0040520

Cited by 126 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…When electric brain stimulation was used as a reinforcer, it was also found that rats preferred signalled over unsignalled reinforcement (Cantor and LoLordo, 1970). The 'preparatory response' hypothesis, already mentioned in relation to animals' apparent preference for signalled over unsignalled shock (Perkins, 1955(Perkins, , 1968Lockard, 1963) is also applicable to appetitive stimuli. It is thought that preparation for positive events may increase the reinforcing nature of such events (Badia et al, 1979).…”

Section: Experimental Studies On the Effects Of Predictability Of Appmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Many of the effects attributed to predictability in these studies may therefore be due to this potential confound. The 'preparatory response' hypothesis has been proposed to explain the apparent behavioural preference of animals for predictable over unpredictable shock (Perkins, 1955(Perkins, , 1968Lockard, 1963). The hypothesis suggests that signals preceding events allow animals to prepare for these events, which may reduce the aversiveness of a negative stimulation, or, conversely, increase the positive nature of appetitive events (Badia et al, 1979).…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

Bassett

Buchanan‐Smith

2007

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

289

253

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Variations in the predictability of a stressor have pronounced effects on the behavioural and physiological effects of stress in rats. It is reasonable to expect that variations in the predictability of husbandry routines thought to be aversive to animals might have similar effects on stress indices. Similarly, variations in the predictability of positive events, of which feeding is an obvious example, may affect welfare. This review examines the behavioural and physiological effects of the predictability of aversive and appetitive stimuli, and the application of experimental findings to animal husbandry in practice. It is argued here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This review examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to positively and negatively perceived events, and examines the link between predictability and control. Recommendations are made for relatively simple and inexpensive modifications to husbandry routines that may be easy to incorporate into the schedules of busy staff yet could have a profound impact on the welfare of animals in their care.

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Section: Experimental Studies On the Effects Of Predictability Of Appmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

Bassett

Buchanan‐Smith

2007

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

289

253

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…and Gormezano and Coleman (1973) have recently provided an empirical test of "law-of-effect" accounts of classical conditioning performance, Such accounts (see, e.g.. Hebb, 1956;Perkins, 1955Perkins, , 1968 have held that the source of reinforcement in classical defense conditioning arises from CR (conditioned response) attenuation of the aversive UCS (unconditioned stimulus). To examine this contention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of response-contingent unconditioned-stimulus intensity in human eyelid conditioning: A two-phase model analysis

Clark

Prokasy

1976

Memory & Cognition

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“…DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY Several theoretical notions can be offered in an attempt to explain these data. Assuming that frequency of vocalizing reflects the aversive ness of the US, the finding that Ss emit fewer vocalizations to shock when given a CS appears to support a preparation hypothesis (Perkins, 1955). Thus it might be argued that if preparatory responses (autonomic or skeletal) were made to the CS fewer distress vocalizations to the US would be expected.…”

Section: Quartile Analysismentioning

confidence: 76%