The StLAC2 gene is required for cell wall integrity, DHN-melanin synthesis and the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica

Ma, Shuangxin; Cao, Kai; Liu, Ning; Chen, Meng; Cao, Zhimian; Dai, Dongqing; Jia, Hui; Zang, Jinpin; Li, Zhiyong; Hao, Zhimin; Gu, Shuang; Dong, Jingao

doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2017.04.003

Cited by 34 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Setosphaeria turcica (anamorph Exserohilum turcicum , formerly known as Helminthosporium turcicum ), is a fungal plant pathogen that causes northern corn leaf blight (NLB) in maize; a serious, ubiquitous foliar disease that has become increasingly problematic worldwide. Based on inbioinformatics analysis , there are 9 MCOs in S. turcica : EOA82311 ( StLAC1 ), EOA90070 ( StLAC2 ), EOA85295 ( StLAC3 ), EOA85022 ( StLAC4 ), EOA86979 ( StLAC5 ), EOA85322 ( StLAC6 ), EOA88313 ( StLAC7 ), EOA82285 ( StLAC8 ), and EOA90498 ( StLAC9 ). These nine laccases have high similarity to known fungal laccases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel laccase from Setosphaeria turcica in Eschericha coli

Liu

Jia

et al. 2017

J Basic Microbiol

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Laccases are multicopper oxidases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) that catalyze the oxidation of many phenolic compounds. In this study, a novel laccase, Stlac4, from Setosphaeria turcica was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by insertion into the pET-30a expression plasmid. The recombinant laccase was purified and visualized on SDS-PAGE as a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 71.5 KDa, and confirmed by Western blot. The maximum activity of the purified laccase was 127.78 U · mg −1 , the optimum temperature and pH value were 60°C and 4. Laccases are wide-spread in nature and over 220 species of laccases have been isolated from many sources,including plants, fungi, bacteria, and insects [3][4][5][6][7]. Fungal laccases are the most extensively studied multicopper oxidases, and while primarily considered to be involved in lignin degradation [8], recent studies have shown that fungal laccases participate in fruiting body formation [9], pigment biosynthesis [10], pathogenesis, and stress defense [11]. Laccases are also very important and valuable enzymes for various biotechnological and industrial applications, such as biodegradation of lignin without polluting the environment, degradation of recalcitrant compounds, environmental protection and bioremediation, biological bleaching in the paper industry, and textile dye decolorization [12,13]. Several laccase genes have been cloned from different fungal sources and heterologously expressed with the specific purpose of using laccases more efficiently in biotechnology. Like other enzymes, laccases often face harsh conditions in industrial processes, such as high temperature, high salt concentration, and extremely acidic or alkaline pH [14,15]. Identification of laccase enzymes robust to harsh conditions could improve economic viability of this process. The majority of fungal laccases operate in the range of 30-55°C, and their optimal pH range is limited to mildly acidic conditions [16]. Many strategies Shuangxin Ma and Ning Liu contributed equally to this work.68 |

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel laccase from Setosphaeria turcica in Eschericha coli

Liu

Jia

et al. 2017

J Basic Microbiol

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“…Melanin in S. turcica is synthesized through the DHN‐melanin pathway (Ma et al , ). Figure a summarizes the key steps of DHN‐melanin synthesis in S. turcica .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We thus identified StPKS as a new target in the ATR‐mediated S‐phase checkpoint. We recently reported that StLac2 is crucial for DHN‐melanin synthesis and the pathogenicity of S. turcica (Ma et al , ). However, in the present work, we did not find evidence of ATR‐dependent regulation of StLac2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously showed that the pathogenesis of S. turcica is positively correlated with the biosynthesis of melanin (Zhang et al, 2012;Shen et al, 2013;Ma et al, 2017). This is because the development of a thick melanin layer in the appressorium dome is essential for the generation of high turgor pressure (Howard and Valent, 1996).…”

Section: Statr Increases Melanin Biosynthesis As a Defence Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melanin in S. turcica is synthesized through the DHN-melanin pathway (Ma et al, 2017). Figure 5a The ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint triggers a massive transcriptional response to genotoxic stress in S. cerevisiae.…”

Section: The Transcription Factor Stmbp1 Targets the Stpks Gene Formentioning

confidence: 99%

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Setosphaeria turcica ATR turns off appressorium‐mediated maize infection and triggers melanin‐involved self‐protection in response to genotoxic stress

Zeng

Meng

Hao

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Eukaryotic organisms activate conserved signalling networks to maintain genomic stability in response to DNA genotoxic stresses. However, the coordination of this response pathway in fungal pathogens remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica controls maize infection and activates self‐protection pathways in response to DNA genotoxic insults. Appressorium‐mediated maize infection by S. turcica was blocked by the S‐phase checkpoint. This repression was dependent on the checkpoint central kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), as inhibition of ATR activity or knockdown of the ATR gene recovered appressorium formation in the presence of genotoxic reagents. ATR promoted melanin biosynthesis in S. turcica as a defence response to stress. The melanin biosynthesis genes StPKS and StLac2 were induced by the ATR‐mediated S‐phase checkpoint. The responses to DNA genotoxic stress were conserved in a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Cochliobolus carbonum, Alternaria solani, and Alternaria kikuchiana, which are known causal agents for plant diseases. We propose that in response to genotoxic stress, phytopathogenic fungi including S. turcica activate an ATR‐dependent pathway to suppress appressorium‐mediated infection and induce melanin‐related self‐protection in addition to conserved responses in eukaryotes.

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Guaiacol as a natural melanin biosynthesis inhibitor to control northern corn leaf blight

Wang

Yuan

et al. 2022

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND The natural 1,8‐dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthesis inhibitors (MBIs) are one of the promising approaches to the integrated management of plant diseases but have received scarce attention until now. Herein, to explore the natural DHN MBIs used in the control of northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), a library of 53 essential oil compounds was used to screen the MBIs against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal pathogen of NCLB, using tricyclazole as a reference compound. RESULTS The results of morphological change in the colony, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that guaiacol could effectively inhibit the melanin production at 50 μg/mL under in vitro conditions. The in vitro bioassay results indicated that this inhibition effect was concentration‐dependent and the minimum inhibition concentration of guaiacol was 50 μg/mL. The in vivo experimental results demonstrated that guaiacol significantly inhibited appressorium formation and penetration on corn leaf sheaths at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. The pot experiment results revealed that there were no differences between guaiacol (500 μg/mL) and tricyclazole (100 μg/mL) in control efficacy. The enzymatic assay suggested that guaiacol might exert the activity through inhibiting DHN polymerization to form melanins, which was distinct from tricyclazole. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study screened out guaiacol as a natural MBI from 53 essential oil compounds and verified its effectiveness in the control of NCLB at 500 μg/mL. Above all, this research opened an avenue for exploring natural DHN MBIs in the integrated management of plant diseases. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The StLAC2 gene is required for cell wall integrity, DHN-melanin synthesis and the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica

Cited by 34 publications

References 47 publications

Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel laccase from Setosphaeria turcica in Eschericha coli

Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel laccase from Setosphaeria turcica in Eschericha coli

Setosphaeria turcica ATR turns off appressorium‐mediated maize infection and triggers melanin‐involved self‐protection in response to genotoxic stress

Guaiacol as a natural melanin biosynthesis inhibitor to control northern corn leaf blight

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