/ The Columbia River Basin is the scene of a massive effort to restore populations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead (O. mykiss). Efficient restoration is confounded by a high level of complexity, competing sociopolitical goals and values, and uncertainty about key system properties. Simulation models and other tools of systems analysis are important to development oi a comprehensive, regionally acceptable strategy. Hierarchy theory provides a useful paradigm for organized complexity within the Columbia Basin and the basis for a trilevel hierarchical structure for organizing and integrating models. Life-stage models compose the most basic simulation units at the lowest level in the proposed hierarchical modeling structure, Each ~ife-stage model simulates a distinct period in the life cycle of anadromous salmonids. Population models at the intermediate level simulate the complete life cycles of salmon and steelhead populations. At the highest level in the hierarchy, interpopulation mode~s simulate extensive, long-term processes that affect multiple species and stocks. A hierarchical system of models is preferable to a single model or to a group of models lacking formal structure. A principal advantage is that models have the correct spatial and temporal resolution for analyzing questions at different scales. A hierarchical structure also facilitates the flow o1 information among models, and aids in understanding the impacts of uncertainty. Constructing a hierarchy of models should involve both bottom-up and top-down perspectives that maintain iogical consistency among models, while allowing unique model structures appropriate for each level in the hierarchy.The Columbia River Basin in the northwestern United States is the scene of a grand effort to rebuild populations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead (0. mykiss). The Columbia Basin is a large, complex area of over 670,000 km 2 that serves a wide diversity of uses--many of which compete directly with the salmon and steelhead's needs for copious amounts of clean, cool, fast-moving water. Salmon and steelhead are anadromous fish that spawn and rear as juveniles in freshwater streams, migrate to the ocean as smolt, and spend one to several years in the ocean before returning to their natal streams to spawn.Historically, salmon and steelhead have suffered dearly when competing with other users of the watershed (Chancy 1978; Neblsen and others 1991, Ray-