The storm of March 1989 revisited: A fresh look at the event

Shirochkov, A. V.; Makarova, L. N.; Nikolaeva, Vera; Kotikov, A. L.

doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.09.010

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Many studies have investigated various aspects of individual superstorms [e.g., Aarons, ; Formisano, ; Garcia & Dryer, ; Gopalswamy, Yashiro, Michalek, et al, ; Huttunen et al, ; Shirochkov et al, ]. While detailed research on a particular superstorm provides unique insights, studies addressing similarities and differences across multiple superstorms are more valuable in assessing the occurrence pattern and common characteristics of these storms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Solar and Interplanetary Causes of Superstorms (Minimum Dst ≤ −250 nT) During the Space Age

2019

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A comprehensive study of all superstorms (minimum Dst ≤ −250 nT) occurring during the space age (after 1957) and their interplanetary and solar causes has been performed. Most superstorms were driven solely by the sheath preceding an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or by a combination of the sheath and an ICME magnetic cloud. Only one superstorm was driven solely by a magnetic cloud. There were two superstorms caused by "compound events" with two ICMEs. No superstorms in this study were induced by corotating interaction regions. For the interplanetary shocks antisunward of the ICMEs, the shock normal angles were almost all quasi-perpendicular. Quasiperpendicular shocks theoretically cause greater sheath magnetic field intensities than do quasi-parallel shocks. Larger shock normal angles statistically corresponded to greater superstorm intensities. Ninety percent of the superstorms occurred either near solar maximum or during the declining phase, 8% of the superstorms occurred during the ascending phase, and 2% of the superstorms occurred during solar minimum. Fifty-four percent of the superstorms were associated with X-class solar flares, 36% were associated with M-class flares, and 5% with C-class flares. All solar flares related to superstorms occurred in active regions, indicating the importance of active regions to superstorms. Most flares were located in the central meridian or slightly west of it as expected. Two superstorms were caused by limb flares, one on the west limb (confirmed) and the other on the east limb (unconfirmed). The confirmed event was a sheath event led by a Mach 4.1 shock.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Solar and Interplanetary Causes of Superstorms (Minimum Dst ≤ −250 nT) During the Space Age

2019

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“…In particular, the specific two‐phase ionospheric superstorm Wf index with positive storm dominant on 13 and 14 March around 00 ± 3 hr UT and negative storm at the rest time are inferred for this event (Figure c). The impulsive powerful solar proton event with simultaneous impulsive intense precipitation of the protons with soft energetic spectra (1–40 MeV) appearing in a time interval between 02 and 12 UT of 13 March (Shirochkov et al, ) are accompanied by an oscillatory pattern of the auroral AE index (Figure b). The impulsive energy input into the auroral region is known to induce the equatorward wave surges, which propagate and interact globally dependent on the time history of the source (Fuller‐Rowell et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An extreme space weather event, or solar/geomagnetic/ionospheric superstorm, is one of a number of potentially high impact natural hazards on engineering infrastructure such as the electricity grid, satellite technology, and the air passenger safety (Cannon, 2009(Cannon, , 2013Koskinen et al, 2018;Lanzerotti, 2018;Riley et al, 2018). The strength and a substantial impact of the geomagnetic and ionospheric superstorms on geospace have been addressed by different authors with different criteria applied to various solar, interplanetary, geomagnetic, and ionospheric parameters (Balan et al, 2017;Bell et al, 1997;Fok et al, 2011;Gulyaeva & Stanislawska, 2010;Gulyaeva, 2017;Kane, 2005;Lakhina & Tsurutani, 2018;Loewe & Prölss, 1997;Liu et al, 2010;Riley et al, 2018;Shirochkov et al, 2015;Verkhoglyadova et al, 2017). These storms are significant not only because they are prolonged periods of extremely high magnetic activity but also because the data taken during superstorms in the space era show other anomalous features, such as extremely high energy input to the auroral regions from precipitating particles and/or the creation of additional, trapped radiation belts in the inner magnetosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionospheric Weather During Five Extreme Geomagnetic Superstorms Since IGY Deduced With the Instantaneous Global Maps GIM‐foF2

et al. 2018

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An assessment of the ionosphere perturbations can be made through the construction of the global instantaneous maps of the foF2 critical frequency (GIM‐foF2) and the ionospheric weather index maps GIM‐Wf. These maps can offer a potentially useful tool to provide users with a proper selection of the best radio wave propagation conditions over a certain area and also be used to help mitigate the effects of the disturbances on HF (High Frequency) communication and Global Navigation Satellite System positioning. This paper presents results of reconstruction of the ionospheric weather during five of the most intense superstorms observed since International Geophysical Year, IGY (1957, 1958, 1959, 1989, and 2003) with the instantaneous global maps of the F2 layer critical frequency, GIM‐foF2, and the ionospheric weather index maps, GIM‐Wf. The intensity of the ionospheric superstorm is characterized by the planetary Wfp index derived from GIM‐Wf maps. Superposed epoch analysis of the extreme superstorms is made during 24 hr before the Wfp peak (time zero t0 = 0 hr) and 48 hr afterwards. Model relationship is established between mean Wfp profile and geomagnetic superstorm profiles demonstrating saturation of the ionospheric storm activity toward the peak of geomagnetic storm. Time lag of Wfpmax is found equal to 9 hr after AEmax, 6 hr after apmax and aamax, and 2 hr after Dstmin, which allows model forecast of ionospheric superstorm when geomagnetic superstorm is captured with one or more of geomagnetic indices.

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“…The SvSW event struck at ~07:44 UT, and the Hydro‐Quebec electric power grid collapsed in less than 2 min resulting in the loss of electric power to more than six million people for 9 h at an economic cost estimated to be around 13.2 billion Canadian dollars [ Medford et al ., ; Boteler et al ., ; Bolduc , ]. The power outage coincided with the peak of impulsive powerful solar proton flux [ Shirochkov et al ., ] and sudden storm commencement of an extreme geomagnetic storm [ Fujii et al ., ]. The extreme Dst storm has < Dst MP > of −310 nT and Dst Min −589 nT with MPO at 10 UT.…”

Section: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scheme for forecasting severe space weather

et al. 2017

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A scheme is suggested and tested for forecasting severe space weather (SvSW) using solar wind velocity (V) and the north‐south component (Bz) of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) measured using the ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) satellite from 1998 to 2016. SvSW has caused all known electric power outages and telegraph system failures. Earlier SvSW events such as the Carrington event of 1859, Quebec event of 1989 and an event in 1958 are included with information from the literature. Dst storms are used as references to identify 89 major space weather events (DstMin ≤ −100 nT) in 1998–2016. The coincidence of high coronal mass ejection (CME) front (or CME shock) velocity ΔV (sudden increase in V over the background by over 275 km/s) and sufficiently large Bz southward at the time of the ΔV increase is associated with SvSW; and their product (ΔV × Bz) is found to exhibit a large negative spike at the speed increase. Such a product (ΔV × Bz) exceeding a threshold seems suitable for forecasting SvSW. However, the coincidence of high V (not containing ΔV) and large Bz southward does not correspond to SvSW, indicating the importance of the impulsive action of large Bz southward and high ΔV coming through when they coincide. The need for the coincidence is verified using the CRCM (Comprehensive Ring Current Model), which produces extreme Dst storms ( < −250 nT) characterizing SvSW when there is coincidence.

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The storm of March 1989 revisited: A fresh look at the event

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

The Solar and Interplanetary Causes of Superstorms (Minimum Dst ≤ −250 nT) During the Space Age

The Solar and Interplanetary Causes of Superstorms (Minimum Dst ≤ −250 nT) During the Space Age

Ionospheric Weather During Five Extreme Geomagnetic Superstorms Since IGY Deduced With the Instantaneous Global Maps GIM‐foF2

A scheme for forecasting severe space weather

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