The Streptococcal Cell Wall: Structure, Antigenic Composition, and Reactivity with Lysozyme

Bleiweis, Arnold S.; Craig, Ronald A.; Coleman, Sylvia E.; Rijn, I van de

doi:10.1177/00220345710500051401

Cited by 44 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Studies by Bleiweis et al (1971), Germaine and Tellefson (1979), and Laible and Germaine (1985) have shown that oral mutans streptococci are resistant to direct lysis by LZ, even at high concentrations. Recent investigations have revealed that the cationic nature of LZ is responsible for the antibacterial effects of this molecule (Laible and Germaine, 1985;Wang and Germaine, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…observed that the bactericidal action of LPO was greatly enhanced when the bacterial cells were exposed to substances that altered the cell envelope, but that the viability was not disturbed. Lysozyme, though it is unable to cause lysis of S. mutans, can cause LZ-mediated peptidoglycan hydrolysis ofthe cell envelope (Bleiweis et al, 1971). It was recently demonstrated by Wang and Germaine (1991) that treatment of S. mutans NCTC 10449 with LZ leads to an increase in membrane permeability, followed by depletion ofcellular potassium and inhibition ofglucose fermentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the major monovalent anions in saliva-namely, bicarbonate, fluoride, thiocyanate, and chloride-all activate bacterial lysis in vitro at neutral pH, while only bicarbonate triggers lysis of oral streptococci at acidic pH (Wilkens et al, 1982;Pollock et al, 1983). Electronmicroscopic studies have demonstrated that, in the absence of salt or detergent, S. mutans treated with high concentrations ofLZ exhibit areas ofcell-wall dissolution without cell lysis (Bleiweis et al, 1971;Cho et al, 1982;Iacono et al, 1985). Adsorption of LZ to oral bacteria is strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength, and bacteriolysis caused by this cationic molecule may therefore be of physiological significance in an environment such as the oral cavity, where there is a continuous variation in pH and in ionic strength.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lysozyme Enhances the Inhibitory Effects of the Peroxidase System on Glucose Metabolism of Streptococcus mutans

1992

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The combined effect ofthe salivary peroxidase system and lysozyme on the glucose uptake of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 was investigated. The bacteria were grown to late-exponential phase, washed, re-suspended in buffer at pH 6, and incubated with (1) 50 pg/ mL lysozyme from human milk for 60 min; (2) 7-15 gmol/L hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite for 10 min; and (3) lysozyme for 60 min prior to addition ofand incubation with hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite for 10 min. Glucose uptake was initiated by adding the bacterial suspensions to 10 mL ofpre-warmed 50 pmol/L glucose containing 0.98 pimol/L D-(U-"4C-)-glucose, and the mixture was incubated in a shaking water-bath at 370C. Samples were withdrawn at various time intervals, rapidly filtered through 0.45-pm membranes, washed with ice-chilled buffer, and the incorporated radioactivity determined. Lysozyme stimulated S. mutans glucose uptake slightly, but significantly inhibited S. rattus glucose metabolism. A 20-30% inhibition ofradiolabeled glucose incorporation was observed with hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite alone. Incubationofthe bacteriawithlysozyme priortoaddition ofhypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite containingperoxidase resulted in a total inhibition ofthe glucose uptake. In contrast, lysozyme in combination with hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite without peroxidase gave only a 30-50% inhibition. The addition of 5 mmol/L dithiothreitol after incubation withlysozyme and hypothiocyanous acid/hypothiocyanite eliminated the inhibition of the bacterial glucose uptake. The viability ofS. mutans was not affected by treatment with any ofthe components used. Our results indicate that physiological concentrations of lysozyme and the salivary peroxidase system components have a synergistic effect which results in a significant inhibition of glucose metabolism by S. mutans. J Dent Res 71 (3): 484-490, March, 1992

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lysozyme Enhances the Inhibitory Effects of the Peroxidase System on Glucose Metabolism of Streptococcus mutans

1992

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“…Several substances with antimicrobial activity are normal constitu ents of saliva. Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) in hibits growth and lyses gram-positive oral bacteria, including S. mutans [Bleiweis et al, 1971;Pollock et al, 1976;Twetman et al, 1983Twetman et al, , 1984, We have recently demon strated that human salivary lysozyme re duced incorporation of the nonutilizable glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and L( + ) lactic acid production from glu cose in S. mutans BHT, a serotype b strain [Twetman and Lindqvist, 1985]. S. mutans has been divided into eight serotypes (a-h) with respect to differences in antigenic composition [Bratthall, 1970 [Hamada et al, 1980].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Human Lysozyme on 2-Deoxyglucose Uptake by Streptococcus mutans and Other Oral Microorganisms

Twetman¹,

Lindqvist²,

Sund³

1986

Caries Res

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The effect of human urinary lysozyme (HUL) on ¹⁴C-2-deoxyglucose (¹⁴C-2DG) incorporation by a total of 20 strains of oral microorganisms, representing Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus casei was examined. The results showed a decreased ¹⁴C-2DG uptake rate ( < 90% compared to controls) by 16 strains after 30-min preincubation at 37 °C with HUL at a concentration corresponding to 20 μg/ml hen egg-white lysozyme. The extent of reduction was dependent on the preincubation time with HUL. Some S. mutans strains of serotype b, c and e exhibited a significantly diminished rate of sugar incorporation during a 5-min time course when HUL was added simultaneously with 2DG. Three strains of S. mutans (E49, B13 and 6715) and S. mitis ATCC 903 were unaffected or exhibited consistently increased ¹⁴C-2DG uptake. Our data indicate that lysozyme can interfere with the sugar-transporting mechanisms of the bacterial cell membrane and may be of importance in limiting glycolysis in oral bacteria.

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“…Total recoveries of 87.3 to 93.7% of dry weight were obtained for the cell wall preparations. Sufficient alanine was present for an alanine cross-bridge as described for a number of other streptococci (1,2,15,23). Glucosamine, galactosamine (serotypes II and III), glucose, and galactose comprised the main cell wall polysaccharides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of cell walls of nutritionally variant streptococci grown under various growth conditions

Rijn¹

1985

Infect Immun

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Strains of nutritionally variant streptococci are usually isolated from patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis. Only recently have these strains been subdivided into three serotypes; however, no group-specific antigen has been described. To understand the immunochemical basis for the serology of these microorganisms as well as set the groundwork for adherence studies, quantitative analysis of the cell walls of nutritionally variant streptococci was undertaken. The bacteria were grown in semisynthetic medium or pyridoxalsupplemented Todd-Hewitt broth and harvested during the exponential or stationary phase. Cell walls were isolated and analyzed for amino sugars, sugars, polyalcohols, amino acids, and phosphorus by gas chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, or colorimetric assays. The peptidoglycans of the cell walls of the prototype strains from the three serotypes were representative of other streptococcal cell walls, including the presence of alanine as the possible cross-bridge. The composition of the peptidoglycan was similar for all three strains and included a decreased concentration of peptidoglycan in their cell walls during the stationary phase. Glucosamine, glucose, galactose, ribitol, and a small amount of rhamnose were found in each of the cell wall polysaccharides. Galactosamine was only found in serotype II and III cell walls and might be responsible for the previously described cross-reaction between these strains. The concentration of the other sugars and amino sugars varied in each of the cell wall preparations, depending on the growth conditions. Finally, all three strains expressed both ribitol and phosphorus in their cell walls, characteristic of the presence of a irbitol teichoic acid. Therefore the cell wall composition of the nutritionally variant streptococci varies depending on the growth conditions, and their composition appeats similar to that of strains of Streptococcus mitis.

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The Streptococcal Cell Wall: Structure, Antigenic Composition, and Reactivity with Lysozyme

Cited by 44 publications

References 15 publications

Lysozyme Enhances the Inhibitory Effects of the Peroxidase System on Glucose Metabolism of Streptococcus mutans

Lysozyme Enhances the Inhibitory Effects of the Peroxidase System on Glucose Metabolism of Streptococcus mutans

Effect of Human Lysozyme on 2-Deoxyglucose Uptake by Streptococcus mutans and Other Oral Microorganisms

Quantitative analysis of cell walls of nutritionally variant streptococci grown under various growth conditions

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