The stressor Criterion-A1 and PTSD: A matter of opinion?

Hooff, Miranda Van; McFarlane, Alexander C.; Baur, Jenelle; Abraham, Maria; Barnes, Daniel J.

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.001

Cited by 91 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…While Matthiesen and Einarsen (2004) refer to discussions about bullying and A1, Mikkelsen and Einarsen (2002) argue that distress displayed by victims of bullying is not in excess of what might be expected. At the same time there is considerable controversy around the interpretation and definition of the A1 criterion in general (Bedard-Gilligan and Zoellner 2008; Brewin et al 2009;Kraemer et al 2009;Long et al 2008;Van Hooff et al 2009;Weathers and Keane 2007). Bedard-Gilligan and Zoellner (2008) examined three diverse samples to determine the predictive utility of criterion A requirements for PTSD symptoms.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bullying and PTSD Symptoms

Idsøe

Dyregrov

Idsoe

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

162

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PTSD symptoms related to school bullying have rarely been investigated, and never in national samples. We used data from a national survey to investigate this among students from grades 8 and 9 (n = 963). The prevalence estimates of exposure to bullying were within the range of earlier research findings. Multinomial logistic regression showed that boys were 2.27 times more likely to be exposed to frequent bullying than girls. A latent variable second-order model demonstrated an association between frequency of bullying exposure and PTSD symptoms (beta = 0.49). This relationship was not moderated by gender. However, the average levels of PTSD symptoms as well as clinical range symptoms were higher for girls. For all bullied students, 27.6% of the boys and 40.5% of the girls had scores within the clinical range. A mimic model showed that youth who identify as being both a bully and a victim of bullying were more troubled than those who were victims only. Our findings support the idea that exposure to bullying is a potential risk factor for PTSD symptoms among students. Future research could investigate whether the same holds for PTSD through diagnostic procedures, but this will depend on whether or not bullying is decided to comply with the DSM-IV classification of trauma required for diagnosis. Results are discussed with regard to their implications for school interventions.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bullying and PTSD Symptoms

Idsøe

Dyregrov

Idsoe

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

162

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“…A recent article by Van Hooff, McFarlane, Baur, Abraham, and Barnes (2009) highlighted the difficulty in achieving agreement about which events meet the Criterion A1 definition. In our view, continued debates over which events should be in or out of Criterion A1 are likely to prove less productive than continuing to study events and event characteristics that have the highest conditional probability of resulting in PTSD when they occur.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Should PTSD Criterion A be retained?

Kilpatrick

Resnick

Acierno

2009

Journal of Traumatic Stress

109

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Criterion A has been controversial since its inception, partially because it performs a key gate keeping function. Major criticisms of Criterion A of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) include that it has resulted in "criterion creep." The authors tested the hypothesis that a nonrestrictive definition would substantially increase posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence by determining PTSD based on Criteria B, C, D, E, and F, without restricting Criterion A in large probability samples of U.S. adolescents and Florida adults. Few PTSD cases occurred in the absence of Criterion A1 events, providing little support for the criterion creep hypothesis. Specific recommendations are to retain Criterion A; permit additional events; consider expanding Criterion A2; consider that either Criterion A1 or A2 be met; and place greater emphasis on Criterion F.

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“…A survey of Australians likewise revealed that rates of PTSD were higher for non-Criterion A stressors than for Criterion Testing Conceptual Bracket Creep 5 A stressors [10] . A study of American women interviewed about their worst life events indicated that directly experienced non-Criterion A events produced PTSD significantly more often than did directly experienced Criterion A events.…”

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confidence: 99%

Risk factors and posttraumatic stress disorder: are they especially predictive following exposure to less severe stressors?

McNally

Robinaugh

2011

Depress. Anxiety

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Background: The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires exposure to a traumatic stressor, as defined by Criterion A in the DSM criteria for PTSD. Yet, over the course of successive revisions of the diagnostic manual, the range of qualifying stressors has expanded considerably (e.g., watching terrorist attacks on television). Moreover, stressors that fall short of qualifying for even an expanded Criterion A can produce apparent PTSD. Taken together, these findings imply that people who do satisfy symptomatic criteria for PTSD following exposure to less severe stressors carry a heavy burden of risk factors. Method: To test this hypothesis, we examined whether the association between the risk factor of lower intelligence and more severe PTSD and depression symptoms would be greater among women reporting less severe CSA (n = 15) relative to women who reported moderate (n = 54) or high (n = 31) severity CSA. Results: The evidence was consistent with this hypothesis for subjects in the low and moderate severity groups, but less so for those in the high severity group. Conclusions: Lower intelligence was a more potent risk factor for posttraumatic distress among people exposed to less severe relative to moderately severe stressors. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The stressor Criterion-A1 and PTSD: A matter of opinion?

Cited by 91 publications

References 46 publications

Bullying and PTSD Symptoms

Bullying and PTSD Symptoms

Should PTSD Criterion A be retained?

Risk factors and posttraumatic stress disorder: are they especially predictive following exposure to less severe stressors?

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