The Structural Integrity of Lignin Is Crucial for Resistance against <i>Striga hermonthica</i> Parasitism in Rice

Mutuku, J. Musembi; Cui, Songkui; Hori, Chiaki; Takeda, Yuri; Tobimatsu, Yuki; Nakabayashi, Ryo; Mori, Tetsuya; Saito, Kazuki; Demura, Taku; Umezawa, Toshiaki; Yoshida, Satoko; Shirasu, Ken

doi:10.1104/pp.18.01133

Cited by 68 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…O-Methyltransferase (PMT) [27] and NAC domain transcription factor [28]. Both of these genes are involved in lignin biosynthesis and regulation, consistent with numerous studies that describe lignin as an important component in Striga resistance [29,30]. In addition to cell wall forti cation, hosts may protect themselves against parasitic cell wall degrading enzymes such as a pectinesterases using their cognate inhibitors [21,31].…”

Section: Genetic Causes Of Striga Resistancesupporting

confidence: 68%

GWAS Provides Biological Insights into Mechanisms of the Parasitic Plant (Striga) Resistance in Sorghum

Kavuluko

Kibe

Sugut

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Sorghum yields in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are greatly reduced by parasitic plants of the genus Striga (witchweed). Vast global sorghum genetic diversity collections, as well as the availability of modern sequencing technologies, can be potentially harnessed to effectively manage the parasite. Results: We used laboratory assays – rhizotrons to screen a global sorghum diversity panel to identify new sources of resistance to Striga; determine mechanisms of resistance, and elucidate genetic loci underlying the resistance using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). New Striga resistant sorghum determined by the number, size and biomass of parasite attahements were identified. In total 13 sorghum genotypes had higher or comparable resistance levels as IS9830 and N13 used as resistance checks. Resistance was by; i) mechanical barriers that blocked parasite entry, ii) elicitation of a hypersensitive reaction that interfered with parasite development, and iii) the inability of the parasite to develop vascular connections with hosts. Resistance genes underpinning the resistance corresponded with the resistance mechanisms and included pleiotropic drug resistance proteins that transport resistance molecules; xylanase inhibitors involved in cell wall fortification and hormonal regulators of resistance response, Ethylene Response Factors. Conclusions: Our findings are of fundamental importance to developing durable and broad-spectrum resistance against Striga and have far-reaching applications in many SSA countries where Striga threatens the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers that rely on sorghum as a food staple.

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Section: Genetic Causes Of Striga Resistancesupporting

confidence: 68%

GWAS Provides Biological Insights into Mechanisms of the Parasitic Plant (Striga) Resistance in Sorghum

Kavuluko

Kibe

Sugut

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…A study by Mutuku et al (2019) demonstrated that, upon infection of Striga hermonthica in rice, the accumulation of metabolites related to the deposition of lignin was observed at the site of infection. Lignin makes up the cell wall of vascular plants and is induced upon biotic stress [50]. A rapid burst of ROS was observed as one of the earliest events after the imposition of stress [51].…”

Section: Mqtl25mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Multiple Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Kumar

Nadarajah

2020

Plants

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Rice blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight are major rice diseases found worldwide. The development of resistant cultivars is generally perceived as the most effective way to combat these diseases. Plant disease resistance is a polygenic trait where a combinatorial effect of major and minor genes affects this trait. To locate the source of this trait, various quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies have been performed in the past two decades. However, investigating the congruency between the reported QTL is a daunting task due to the heterogeneity amongst the QTLs studied. Hence, the aim of our study is to integrate the reported QTLs for resistance against rice blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight and objectively analyze and consolidate the location of QTL clusters in the chromosomes, reducing the QTL intervals and thus identifying candidate genes within the selected meta-QTL. A total of twenty-seven studies for resistance QTLs to rice blast (8), sheath blight (15) and bacterial leaf blight (4) was compiled for QTL projection and analyses. Cumulatively, 333 QTLs associated with rice blast (114), sheath blight (151) and bacterial leaf blight (68) resistance were compiled, where 303 QTLs could be projected onto a consensus map saturated with 7633 loci. Meta-QTL analysis on 294 QTLs yielded 48 meta-QTLs, where QTLs with membership probability lower than 60% were excluded, reducing the number of QTLs within the meta-QTL to 274. Further, three meta-QTL regions (MQTL2.5, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1) were selected for functional analysis on the basis that MQTL2.5 harbors the highest number of QTLs; meanwhile, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1 have QTLs associated with all three diseases mentioned above. The functional analysis allows for determination of enriched gene ontology and resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and other defense-related genes. To summarize, MQTL2.5, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1 have a considerable number of R-genes that account for 10.21%, 4.08% and 6.42% of the total genes found in these meta-QTLs, respectively. Defense genes constitute around 3.70%, 8.16% and 6.42% of the total number of genes in MQTL2.5, MQTL8.1 and MQTL9.1, respectively. This frequency is higher than the total frequency of defense genes in the rice genome, which is 0.0096% (167 defense genes/17,272 total genes). The integration of the QTLs facilitates the identification of QTL hotspots for rice blast, sheath blight and bacterial blight resistance with reduced intervals, which helps to reduce linkage drag in breeding. The candidate genes within the promising regions could be utilized for improvement through genetical engineering.

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“…Many phenolic HIFs are lignin precursors and, therefore, can be incorporated into lignin polymers in the secondary cell walls of hosts or parasitic plants. Lignin is known to be involved in physical defense against various pathogens including bacteria, fungi, plant-parasitic nematodes, and parasitic plants (Goldwasser et al, 1999; Bhuiyan et al, 2009; Miedes et al, 2014; Khanam et al, 2018; Mutuku et al, 2019). Lignin is deposited at the Striga infection site in a Striga -resistant rice cultivar, and lignin modification in the rice host affects resistance against Striga (Mutuku et al, 2019).…”

Section: Roles Of Hifs In Host-parasitic Plant Interactions After Prementioning

confidence: 99%

Haustorium Inducing Factors for Parasitic Orobanchaceae

et al. 2019

Self Cite

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Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae family include devastating weed species, such as Striga , Orobanche , and Phelipanche , which infest important crops and cause economic losses of over a billion US dollars worldwide, yet the molecular and cellular processes responsible for such parasitic relationships remain largely unknown. Parasitic species of the Orobanchaceae family form specialized invasion organs called haustoria on their roots to enable the invasion of host root tissues. The process of forming haustoria can be divided into two steps, prehaustorium formation and haustorium maturation, the processes occurring before and after host attachment, respectively. Prehaustorium formation is provoked by host-derived signal molecules, collectively called haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). Cell wall-related quinones and phenolics have been known for a long time to induce haustoria in many Orobanchaceae species. Although such phenolics are widely produced in plants, structural specificities exist among these molecules that modulate their competency to induce haustoria in different parasitic plant species. In addition, the plant hormone cytokinins, structurally distinct from phenolic compounds, also trigger prehaustorium formation in Orobanchaceae. Recent findings demonstrate their involvement as rhizopsheric HIFs for Orobanche and Phelipanche species and thus address new activities for cytokinins in haustorium formation in Orobanchaceae, as well as in rhizospheric signaling. This review highlights haustorium-inducing signals in the Orobanchaceae family in the context of their host origin, action mechanisms, and species specificity.

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The Structural Integrity of Lignin Is Crucial for Resistance against Striga hermonthica Parasitism in Rice

Cited by 68 publications

References 63 publications

GWAS Provides Biological Insights into Mechanisms of the Parasitic Plant (Striga) Resistance in Sorghum

GWAS Provides Biological Insights into Mechanisms of the Parasitic Plant (Striga) Resistance in Sorghum

A Meta-Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Multiple Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Haustorium Inducing Factors for Parasitic Orobanchaceae

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