The Structure and Organization of Memory

Squire, Larry R.; Knowlton, Barbara J.; Musen, Gail

doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321

Cited by 971 publications

(301 citation statements)

References 299 publications

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“…For example, some experiments show that Hp lesions prevent the acquisition of new spatial memories, but not nonspatial memories such as colour (Morris 1983;Hampton & Shettleworth 1996;Shiflett et al 2003). However, the Hp does not work independently to process memories; other regions of the brain are important as well (Squire et al 1993;Squire & Zola 1996;Squire 2004). The network of regions involved in memory processing is less well characterized in birds than it is in mammals, but progress is being made at an anatomical level (e.g.…”

Section: The Role Of the Hippocampus In Spatial Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

Roth

Brodin

Smulders

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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A well-developed spatial memory is important for many animals, but appears especially important for scatter-hoarding species. Consequently, the scatter-hoarding system provides an excellent paradigm in which to study the integrative aspects of memory use within an ecological and evolutionary framework. One of the main tenets of this paradigm is that selection for enhanced spatial memory for cache locations should specialize the brain areas involved in memory. One such brain area is the hippocampus (Hp). Many studies have examined this adaptive specialization hypothesis, typically relating spatial memory to Hp volume. However, it is unclear how the volume of the Hp is related to its function for spatial memory. Thus, the goal of this article is to evaluate volume as a main measurement of the degree of morphological and physiological adaptation of the Hp as it relates to memory. We will briefly review the evidence for the specialization of memory in food-hoarding animals and discuss the philosophy behind volume as the main currency. We will then examine the problems associated with this approach, attempting to understand the advantages and limitations of using volume and discuss alternatives that might yield more specific hypotheses. Overall, there is strong evidence that the Hp is involved in the specialization of spatial memory in scatter-hoarding animals. However, volume may be only a coarse proxy for more relevant and subtle changes in the structure of the brain underlying changes in behaviour. To better understand the nature of this brain/memory relationship, we suggest focusing on more specific and relevant features of the Hp, such as the number or size of neurons, variation in connectivity depending on dendritic and axonal arborization and the number of synapses. These should generate more specific hypotheses derived from a solid theoretical background and should provide a better understanding of both neural mechanisms of memory and their evolution.

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Section: The Role Of the Hippocampus In Spatial Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

Roth

Brodin

Smulders

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…For example, we may know that the capital of Georgia is Atlanta, yet unless there was something especially noteworthy or significant about the episode during which we learned this fact, we do not have memory for when or where it was acquired. Even more phenomenologically distant from episodic memory is so-called nondeclarative or implicit memory (e.g., Squire, 1987;Squire, Knowlton, & Musen, 1993). These representations are based on past experiences that, like semantic memories, are not located in specific place and time.…”

Section: Personal-episodic or Autobiographical Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the strongest evidence of the capacity comes from studies using nonverbal imitation-based tasks in which props are used to produce novel actions or sequences of actions that infants are invited to imitate (e.g., Bauer & Mandler, 1989;Bauer & Shore, 1987;Meltzoff, 1985). As discussed in detail elsewhere (Bauer, 2007(Bauer, , 2013Bauer, Wenner, Dropik, & Wewerka, 2000;Carver & Bauer, 1999;McDonough, Mandler, McKee, & Squire, 1995;Squire et al, 1993), the task is an accepted analogue to verbal report. Using this technique, researchers have found evidence of memory for unique events even in the first year of life.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

137

130

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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“…It has been extensively documented that memory of a recent experience is fragile-i.e., memory traces become consolidated over time (1)(2)(3) and this consolidation is manipulable by a variety of treatments (4)(5)(6). Within a finite time window after a learning event such treatments markedly affect retention, thus indicating a permissive influence over the neuronal processes which underlie the consolidation of a memory trace.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A post-tetanic time window for the reinforcement of long-term potentiation by appetitive and aversive stimuli

Seidenbecher

Reymann

Balschun

1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

147

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Current theories on the encoding and storage of information in the brain commonly suppose that a short-term memory is converted into a lasting one; thus, it becomes consolidated over time. Within a finite period after training, such a short-term memory can be reinforced by behavioral and humoral stimuli. We have found that, longterm potentiation (LTP), a likely candidate for a memoryencoding mechanism at the cellular level, displays similar features. LTP in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats was reinforced after its induction by appetitive and aversive stimuli. The efficacy of these stimuli terminates about 1 h after tetanization, which may ref lect the time constants of the mechanisms underlying the consolidation that takes place. The reinforcement by appetitive and aversive stimulation was blocked by the ␤-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, implicating norepinephrine in the underlying cellular processes.

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The Structure and Organization of Memory

Cited by 971 publications

References 299 publications

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

A post-tetanic time window for the reinforcement of long-term potentiation by appetitive and aversive stimuli

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