The structure and origin of the large submarine canyons of the Bering Sea

Scholl, David W.; Buffington, Edwin C.; Hopkins, David M.; Alpha, Tau Rho

doi:10.1016/0025-3227(70)90043-5

Cited by 55 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…10d) (e.g. Scholl et al 1970;Fader et al 1998;Taylor et al 2000;Amblas et al 2006;Laberg et al 2007;Rise et al 2013;Cameron et al 2016;E. Dowdeswell et al 2016b), sometimes beyond continental shelves that have received relatively restricted volumes of glacial sediment due to their inter-ice stream locations between fast-flowing ice.…”

Section: Other Submarine Landforms On High-latitude Marginsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The variety and distribution of submarine glacial landforms and implications for ice-sheet reconstruction

Dowdeswell

Canals

Jakobsson

et al. 2016

Memoirs

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Glacimarine processes affect about 20% of the global ocean today, and this area expanded considerably under cyclical full-glacial conditions during the Quaternary (Fig. 1) . Many of the submarine landforms produced at the base and margin of past ice sheets remain well preserved on the seafloor in fjords and on high-latitude continental shelves after the retreat of the ice that produced them. These glacial landforms, protected from subaerial erosion and beneath wave-base and tidal currents in water that is often hundreds of metres deep, are gradually buried by both hemipelagic and glacimarine sedimentation; they may be preserved over long periods in the geological record if palaeocontinental shelves are not reworked by subsequent glacier advances or bottom currents ). This means that, first, submarine glacial landforms can be observed at or close to the modern seafloor after retreat of the last great ice sheets from their most recent Quaternary maximum about 18-20 000 years ago using swath-bathymetric mapping systems and, secondly, buried glacial landforms may also be identified and examined within glacial-sedimentary sequences from Quaternary and earlier ice ages using seismic-reflection methods.The development of multibeam echo sounding over the past two decades, coupled with high-accuracy GPS positioning, has allowed morphological mapping of the seafloor at an unprecedented level of detail. In this paper, the variety of submarine glacial landforms observed in modern, Quaternary and more ancient sediments is described. Landforms produced subglacially, those formed at and beyond marine ice-sheet margins, together with the slope processes and bottom currents likely to result in their reworking, are considered along with the sediment volumes of these landforms and the time they take to develop. This is followed by discussion of the significance of submarine glacial landforms and landform-assemblages for reconstruction of the form and flow of past ice sheets, including the former extent and flow direction of ice sheets, whether they are flowing fast as ice streams or slowly in inter-ice stream areas, the nature and rate of ice-sheet deglaciation, conditions at past ice-sheet beds, and inferences on the characteristics of the basal hydrological system and past climatic conditions.

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Section: Other Submarine Landforms On High-latitude Marginsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The variety and distribution of submarine glacial landforms and implications for ice-sheet reconstruction

Dowdeswell

Canals

Jakobsson

et al. 2016

Memoirs

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“…Evidence of mass wasting of sediment in the Beringian margin canyons has been recognized from seismic-reflection profiles (Scholl et al, 1970, Carlson and Karl, 19841988). The GLORIA images collected in 1986 reveal that products of mass wasting are much more common than previously interpreted and that mass wasting is the dominant erosional process on the Beringian continental slope (Carlson et al, 1991).…”

Section: Zhemchug Canyonmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Zhemchug Canyon has breached a structural basin that underlies the Bering shelf. The canyon is eroding into the basin fill, and the shape of the basins and bounding faults (Scholl et al, 1970) control the configuration of the developing canyon heads. The epicenter of a recent earthquake (Abers et al, 1993) is adjacent to the northwest branch of the canyon, which underscores the structural aspect of its formation.…”

Section: Zhemchug Canyonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giant submarine canyons: Is size any clue to their importance in the rock record?

Normark¹,

Carlson²

2003

Extreme Depositional Environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time

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INTRODUCTIONSubmarine canyons continued to be a major area of interest for Francis P. Shepard throughout his career. His Submarine Geology textbooks, which were revised over the years, devoted substantial space to a review of the world's canyons that were known at the time; these reviews were a standard resource for several decades of marine geologists (e.g., Shepard, 1973). Shepard and his coworkers observed that canyon size was not directly related to the size of the rivers that fed them. In fact, many major canyons were not fed directly from rivers but fed from littoral drift transport of beach sediment, for example, the La Jolla Canyon (Shepard, 1973;Shepard and Dill, 1966). As our ability to map the deep-sea floor has improved since Shepard's pioneering work, it has become clear that the size of submarine canyons also shows no simple relation to the size of the turbidite systemssubmarine fans, abyssal plains, slope basin deposits, etc.-fed through the canyons. ABSTRACTSubmarine canyons are the most important conduits for funneling sediment from continents to oceans. Submarine canyons, however, are zones of sediment bypassing, and little sediment accumulates in the canyon until it ceases to be an active conduit. To understand the potential importance in the rock record of any given submarine canyon, it is necessary to understand sediment-transport processes in, as well as knowledge of, deep-sea turbidite and related deposits that moved through the canyons. There is no straightforward correlation between the final volume of the sedimentary deposits and size of the associated submarine canyons. Comparison of selected modern submarine canyons together with their deposits emphasizes the wide range of scale differences between canyons and their impact on the rock record.Three of the largest submarine canyons in the world are incised into the Beringian (North American) margin of the Bering Sea. Zhemchug Canyon has the largest cross-section at the shelf break and greatest volume of incision of slope and shelf. The Bering Canyon, which is farther south in the Bering Sea, is first in length and total area. In contrast, the largest submarine fans-e.g., Bengal, Indus, and Amazon-have substantially smaller, delta-front submarine canyons that feed them; their submarine drainage areas are one-third to less than one-tenth the area of Bering Canyon. Some very large deep-sea channels and turbidite deposits are not even associated with a significant submarine canyon; examples include Horizon Channel in the northeast Pacific and Laurentian Fan Valley in the North Atlantic. Available data suggest that the size of turbidity currents (as determined by volume of sediment transported to the basins) is also not a reliable indicator of submarine canyon size.

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“…The Yukon and other small rivers in southwestern Alaska transport relatively much smectite into the Bering Sea, but it is mostly deposited at the river mouths and the remainder is transported northward by the ACC (Naidu and Mowatt, 1983). In the southern Bering Sea, the Aleutians are composed mainly of Cretaceous to recent andesites and basalts (Scholl et al, 1970;Beikman, 1980). This region is a source of high smectite and low chlorite and kaolinite (Naidu et al, 1995).…”

Section: Distribution and Provenance Of Clay Minerals In The Bering Seamentioning

confidence: 97%

Clay mineral stratigraphy during the last 2.4Ma at IODP Exp. 323 Site U1343 in the Bering Sea

2015

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The structure and origin of the large submarine canyons of the Bering Sea

Cited by 55 publications

References 9 publications

The variety and distribution of submarine glacial landforms and implications for ice-sheet reconstruction

The variety and distribution of submarine glacial landforms and implications for ice-sheet reconstruction

Giant submarine canyons: Is size any clue to their importance in the rock record?

Clay mineral stratigraphy during the last 2.4Ma at IODP Exp. 323 Site U1343 in the Bering Sea

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