The structure and stratigraphy of deepwater Sarawak, Malaysia: Implications for tectonic evolution

Madon, Mazlan; Kim, Cheng Ly; Wong, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.04.040

Cited by 117 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Our profile does not image any clear Paleogene synrift, indeed usually absent close to the continent‐ocean transition of the SW subbasin according to Franke et al (). Overall, this interpretation is in agreement with ages quoted in Madon et al () constrained by wells south of the Dangerous Ground area. They infer that the faulted and tilted unit lying above basement—quite similar to our light orange unit—is Middle Eocene (43 Ma) to Early Oligocene (30 Ma), with an Early Miocene erosional unconformity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Besides being floored with relatively thin crust, Northwest Borneo Trough and Palawan Trench (Figure ) have been further depressed as flexural moats ahead of advancing allochtonous wedges, as originally proposed by Hinz and Schlüter () (Cullen, ; Hutchison & Vijayan, ; Ilao et al, ; Madon et al, ; Milsom et al, ). The carbonates buildups of Dangerous Ground may thus be presently located at the flexural bulge (Hall, ; Steuer et al, ), and the entire region may have recorded the progression of the nappes.…”

Section: Geological Background: Dangerous Groundmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Crustal thickness within these troughs may be as small as 10 km based on gravity modeling and refraction seismic (Franke et al, ; Hinz & Schlüter, ; Milsom et al, ; Vijayan et al, ). Thin crust of presumably continental origin is also found further south beneath the Sarawak margin (Madon et al, ). A thin‐crust basin thus runs south of Dangerous Ground, with the same trend and possibly the same type of rotated blocks controlling Tertiary sediment fills.…”

Section: Geological Background: Dangerous Groundmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Décollements, Detachments, and Rafts in the Extended Crust of Dangerous Ground, South China Sea: The Role of Inherited Contacts

Liang

Delescluse

et al. 2019

Tectonics

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We investigate the crustal structure of the Dangerous Ground (South China Sea) through processing and interpretation of coincident wide‐angle reflection and refraction seismic data. Continental crust of Dangerous Ground has been moderately thinned, down to 15 km, so that most of the structures accompanying the early opening of the South China Sea from Cretaceous to Miocene have been preserved. Subbasement reflectors as well as refraction velocities image an interpreted dismantled Mesozoic metamorphic unit in the southernmost section of our study area. A rollover structure indicates that the reflective base of the unit was used as a décollement where low‐angle normal faults root and blocks rafted. The metamorphic unit is discontinued in a nearby basin located immediately to the north, where the refraction velocity model shows thinning of the crust from 20 to 15 km, with the presence of a 5‐km‐high mantle dome. In this deeper basin, mass transport deposits are found lying on a strong amplitude basement reflector interpreted as the footwall of an ~15 km offset crustal detachment surface that we link down to the mantle dome. We infer that the detachment reactivated an inherited low‐angle contact most probably related to the Yanshanian belt. In map view, the reactivated structure forms a half‐graben basin oriented NNE‐SSW oblique to the generally accepted direction of extension. This orientation follows the general trend of a granitic belt that spanned the South China margin prior to extension, related to the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Geological Background: Dangerous Groundmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Geological Background: Dangerous Groundmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Décollements, Detachments, and Rafts in the Extended Crust of Dangerous Ground, South China Sea: The Role of Inherited Contacts

Liang

Delescluse

et al. 2019

Tectonics

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“…In modern work there has been a tendency to place the MMU in the Middle Miocene, as seems to befit the name, but this is incorrect. Madon et al, 2013 andMorley &Swiecicki (2014) informally re-named the event the Early Miocene Unconformity (EMU), following data detailed above, that places it right at the end of the Early Miocene (although strictly speaking, if the base Langhian Stage is used to define the base of the Middle Miocene this would be at 15.97 Ma, and maybe this might place the MMU just within the basal limit of that definition of Middle Miocene).…”

Section: Early Worker's View Of Cycle III Transition Into Cycle Ivmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the Sarawak Cycles: History and modern application

Lunt¹,

Madon²

2017

BGSM

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This review examines the history of the Sarawak "Cycles" and their application in subdividing offshore Cenozoic stratigraphy. The Cycles are widely but inconsistently used, at least in part because important reports and data collections were never published (e.g. Geiger, 1964;Hageman et al., 1987; Hageman maps, 1985, eventually reproduced in Madon, 1999and Hutchison, 2005and Taylor et al., 1997) or were published in highly abridged summaries only (Ho Kiam Fui, 1978;Mansor et al., 1999). The lack of a data-audit trail left open possibilities for ambiguity and confusion, as has been commented on by several workers (e.g. Snedden et al., 1995;Ismail & Tucker, 1999). This account reviews the major contributions, published and unpublished, and the concepts of the Cycles, especially over times of geological change. The data behind the model is cited in order to give confidence when integrating Sarawak stratigraphic data into a regional geological model. The Cycles began with an assumption that transgressions over regressive surfaces were distinct and approximately synchronous events for correlation. By including biostratigraphic data these transgressive events could be traced into clay-dominated areas, where lithological and seismic contrast was weak. This integrated approach was carried out through the 1970's and 80's, during which time the data pushed the model towards a three dimensional view of sedimentation, with the basin shape evolving and changing through time. However, development of a full tectono-stratigraphic model paused during the period of accelerated seismic capabilities of the 1990's and early 21 st Century. While geophysical data coverage increased, application of geological analyses decreased, and the integrated approach lost momentum. This review aims to re-establish the role of the Cycles as a part of a large scale geological model. An initial integration with regional geological events is attempted, linking some of the Cycle boundaries with times of known tectonic change. 78beyond the main Neogene clinoform, in deep water, with no Luconia reefs. Finally, onshore there was uplift where an older Miocene trend has been over-printed by a later Miocene uplift that is parallel to the present day coastline. In the coastal and nearshore areas there is strong reverse faulting, so this southern area, with its own distinct geological history, is called the Tinjar province.The challenge was how to correlate, and predict facies into un-drilled areas, in this broad region of sedimentation, with its gradual trend from coastal plain sediments in the south to open marine environments in the north, and how to correlate from clastic to carbonate facies in order to combine their sedimentological histories HISTORY OF STUDIESThe tools required to identify different facies in Sarawak sediments were developed early on, but the ability to correlate and thereby map facies variation at a specific time has always been challenging. Age diagnostic fossils occurred only rarely and consequently indicated only a general age, and ...

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“…An Oligocene-Miocene carbonate platform is widely distributed in the Borneo Trough (Hutchison, 2004;Madon et al, 2013;Steuer et al, 2013). Although the existence of the carbonate platform is not clear, carbonate sequences over a large area of the Borneo Trough have been interpreted from seismic data (Hutchison, 2004).…”

Section: Borneo Carbonate Platformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal evolution of Cenozoic carbonate platforms on the continental margins of the South China Sea: Response to opening of the ocean basin

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2016

Interpretation

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Widespread and tremendously thick Cenozoic carbonate sequences are present along the margins of the South China Sea (SCS). However, most of the sequences have been drowned since the Late Miocene. The stratigraphic architecture of the carbonate platforms in the SCS can provide information on the tectonic evolution of the ocean basin. Based on 2D/3D seismic, well and regional geologic data, we have interpreted the Cenozoic SCS carbonate platforms along the continental margins. The carbonate platforms developed during rifting and initiated on the fault block of the conjugate rifted margins. Most of the carbonate platforms became drowned after the Middle Miocene. The Malampaya Carbonate Sequences, which have thicknesses of greater than 600 m, developed on a horst of an Oligocene rifted block. Tectonic subsidence provided accommodation for the growth of the carbonate platforms. Tectonic tilting, faulting, and the foreland bulge controlled the distributions, thicknesses, and horizontal seismic reflection variations of the drowned carbonate platforms. The tectonic evolution and relative sea-level fluctuations controlled the depositional cycles of the carbonate platforms. We quantitatively calculated the factors that affected the extension and subsidence rates using balanced cross section and backstepping techniques. Our results have demonstrated that the carbonate platforms flourished during the Middle Miocene due to stable tectonic conditions and shrank during the Late Miocene due to rapid subsidence. The relative sea level exerted a second-order control on the evolutionary trend of the carbonate platforms and a third-order control on the evolutionary periods in each stage.

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The structure and stratigraphy of deepwater Sarawak, Malaysia: Implications for tectonic evolution

Cited by 117 publications

References 73 publications

Décollements, Detachments, and Rafts in the Extended Crust of Dangerous Ground, South China Sea: The Role of Inherited Contacts

Décollements, Detachments, and Rafts in the Extended Crust of Dangerous Ground, South China Sea: The Role of Inherited Contacts

A review of the Sarawak Cycles: History and modern application

Spatial and temporal evolution of Cenozoic carbonate platforms on the continental margins of the South China Sea: Response to opening of the ocean basin

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