The American school originated as an extension of fundamental social units: families, churches, and communities. Repeated waves of reform succeeded in fully institutionalizing public schooling, and schools came to operate under a formal system of public authority. Founded as an institution independent from state and federal control, the school has been transformed into an institution wedded to multiple layers of government-local, state, and federal. This essay explores the historical evolution of the school-state relationship, how educational reform movements of the past 30 years may undermine the alliance of school and state, and the challenges this development poses for analysts of education policy.