The Structure of Ribbon Borides in a Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Zr-1B Alloy

Abstract

There has been considerable interest in the addition of beta-stabilizing elements, such as Nb and Zr to titanium aluminide alloys because the beta phase imparts improved ductility and toughness [1]. The alloys are typically produced by casting, and to retain high strength it is imperative to refine the as-cast grain structure. This is typically achieved by the addition of B, but there is still some controversy about the refinement mechanism. In our work we are attempting to address this issue by studying the morphology and microstructure of the borides in the as-cast alloys.The borides in an as-cast sample of Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Zr-1B (atomic %) were investigated using SEM and TEM. Samples for SEM were prepared by deep electrolytic etching using 7 vol.% HCl in methanol at 20V DC for 20-30 s. TEM samples were prepared by twin-jet electropolishing to perforation using an electrolyte of 6% perchloric acid, 34% butanol and 60% methanol at -15°C and 25V. The samples were then ion-milled to ameliorate the effects of differential thinning and to remove any contamination from the surfaces. CTEM experiments were performed using a Philips EM420 operating at 100 kV whereas HRTEM lattice images were acquired using JEOL 2010 FasTEM equipped with a UHR objective lens polepiece (C s ≈ 0.5 mm) and operated at 200 kV.SEM micrographs such as Fig. 1 revealed that most of borides are ribbon-like. The apparent volume fraction of the borides was higher than expected from the B content because the ribbons consist of thin flakes or plates of boride phases interleaved with thin layers of metallic phases as revealed in BF-TEM images (Fig. 2). The dominant phase in the boride plates is TiB with the B f structure. HRTEM images such as Fig. 3 showed that the thin metallic layers exhibit the ordered B2 structure. Within the boride plates, planar faults were observed which correspond to monolayers of Ti 3 B 4 intergrown with the B f phase along [010]. Thin embedded slabs of TiB 2 were also observed in some of the boride plates. These phases adopt well-defined orientation relationships given by We note that the four structures TiB-B27, TiB-Bf, Ti 3 B 4 , and TiB 2 all contain the same structural unit, namely trigonal prisms with Ti atoms at the corners and a B atom at the center. The B f , Ti 3 B 4 and TiB 2 structures correspond to sheets of these prisms with different stacking sequences (Fig. 4) and hence Ti 3 B 4 and TiB 2 can form as coherent intergrowths on the (010) plane of TiB-B f whereas the intergrowth of Ti 3 B 4 or TiB 2 in TiB-B27 is not favorable due to the large interfacial misfit [2]. This indicates that even though TiB-B f is not a stable phase in the binary Ti-B system, it may be the preferred monoboride phase when the solidification path favors the formation of Ti 3 B 4 and/or TiB 2 . For the alloy studied here the primary phase formed upon solidification is β-Ti. During the growth of this phase, all of the B atoms are rejected into the liquid metal due to the very low solubility of boron in β-Ti. The boron-enriched liquid ahead of...

Orientation relationships between TiB (B27), B2, and Ti3Al phases

“…On the other hand, although B.J. Inkson et al 15 revealed the orientation relationship between TiB 2 and B2, and U. Kitkamthorn et al 16,17 examined the orientation relationship between TiB (B f ) and B2, the orientation relationship between TiB (B27) and B2 has not been reported. (TiB phase has two kinds of structures, Bf and B27.…”