The structure of the cell wall of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> studied with neutron scattering and magnetic birefringence

Torbet, J.; Norton, M.Y.

doi:10.1016/0014-5793(82)81042-9

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…If a particle has a size large enough to overcome the thermal disturbance, it aligns under a magnetic field. A number of examples have been reported: 9 organic crystals, 15,16 protein crystals, [17][18][19] carbon fibers, 20,21 carbon nanotube, [22][23][24] cellulose fibers, [25][26][27] poly(ethylene) crystallites, 28 fibrin, 29 cells, 30,31 and cell wall, 32 etc. undergo magnetic alignment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Study on the Effect of Magnetic Fields on Polymeric Materials and Its Application

Kimura

2003

Polym J

237

206

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ABSTRACT:This paper reviews our recent work on the use of magnetic fields to the polymer processing. Polymers considered in this paper are not peculiar ones synthesized specially for the purpose of magnetic processing, but they are very usual ones including poly(ethylene terephthalate), polypropylene, etc. In this paper, two main magnetic effects on polymers are considered, i.e., alignment and levitation. In the first part, the magnetic torque causing the alignment is described. Then, examples of alignment in polymeric systems are presented, starting from simple cases such as magnetic alignment of fibers in a suspension to more complicated cases such as magnetic alignment of crystalline polymers in which mesophase formations and memory effects are involved. In the second part, the magnetic force acting on diamagnetic materials and its application to separation and processing of polymeric materials is described.KEY WORDS Diamagnetism / Magnetic Alignment / Magnetic Levitation / Phase Transition / Crystalline Polymers / Polymer Processing / Fiber / Magnetic effects on diamagnetic materials have been known since the age of Faraday, but it is very recent that the attention has been paid to the use of these effects to the processing of diamagnetic materials including inorganic, organic, and polymeric materials. This trend is partially due to the development of superconducting technology 1 that enables us to use high magnetic fields (10 T or more) in the study of materials science at individual laboratory level. Cryogen free (liquid-helium free) superconducting magnets, mostly manufactured by Japanese companies, are now on the market, with various types including a large bore type (45 cm at 3.5 T), a rotate bore type, a split type, a low fringe field type, a high field type (15 T, 52 mm in diameter), etc. These magnets are used in academia as well as industries for the processing purposes.High magnetic fields provided by these superconducting magnets have made it possible to visualize the magnetic effects on "non-magnetic" materials such as diamagnetic materials. Because the diamagnetism is very small compared to the ferromagnetism, we hardly experience in daily life the effects of magnetic field on plastics, water, and living bodies, etc. Some means must be devised to visualize these effects. A straightforward way is to use high magnetic fields. If we use a superconducting magnet of 10 T instead of an electromagnet generating 1 T, a small change of 1 mm is magnified to 10 cm and a phenomenon that takes a day to occur is completed in 15 min, because the magnetic effect is proportional to the square of the magnetic flux density. Diamagnetic levitation 2-4 and Moses effect 5 (water surface splits in a high magnetic field) are good examples among many others. [6][7][8][9] The magnetic effect on chemical reactions 10-12 is one of the major fields in magnetic researches, but in this paper we are concerned with the magnetic force and the magnetic torque acting on diamagnetic materials. The origin of the diamagnetism is the ...

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Study on the Effect of Magnetic Fields on Polymeric Materials and Its Application

Kimura

2003

Polym J

237

206

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“…One method that has been extensively used for the study of systems with colloidal dimensions, including many biologically important macromolecules and assemblies at fully hydrated conditions, is the small-angle scattering technique in solution (11). An (32). In this instance, however, the gram-positive multilayered arrangement was used only as a test system to study the applicability of a magnetically based orientation setup.…”

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Direct proof of a "more-than-single-layered" peptidoglycan architecture of Escherichia coli W7: a neutron small-angle scattering study

et al. 1991

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A neutron small-angle scattering study was performed to determine the thickness and the scattering density profile of isolated peptidoglycan sacculi of Escherichia coli W7 in aqueous suspension (D20). The maximum thickness (7 ± 0.5 nm) of the sacculus from the exponential-phase cells was large enough to suggest the existence of a more-than-single-layered architecture. The experimental density profile across the thickness of the sacculus did not allow an unambiguous differentiation between a single-layered architecture characterized by completely extended peptide side chains projecting from the sugar strands or, alternatively, a partially triple layered structure. To resolve this ambiguity, sacculi were labeled with deuterated wall peptides. Comparison of the two experimental profiles indicated that the sacculus is more than single layered across its surface, with about 75 to 80% of its surface single layered and 20 to 25% triple layered.

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Biomolecules and Polymers in High Steady Magnetic Fields

Maret¹,

Dransfeld²

1985

Topics in Applied Physics

134

118

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The structure of the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus studied with neutron scattering and magnetic birefringence

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Study on the Effect of Magnetic Fields on Polymeric Materials and Its Application

Study on the Effect of Magnetic Fields on Polymeric Materials and Its Application

Direct proof of a "more-than-single-layered" peptidoglycan architecture of Escherichia coli W7: a neutron small-angle scattering study

Biomolecules and Polymers in High Steady Magnetic Fields

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