The structure of the maize ribosomal DNA spacer region

McMullen, Michael D.; Hunter, Brenda G.; Phillips, Ronald L.; Rubenstein, Irwin

doi:10.1093/nar/14.12.4953

Cited by 146 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Consistent with this hypothesis that all eukaryotes form a 5' ETS processing complex on their nascent rRNA, molecular analysis of the pre-rRNA of numerous species has revealed more than one 5' end location, with the downstream end shown to result from rRNA processing [Neurospora (Tyler and Giles 1985); yeast (Hughes and Ares 1991)] or inferred to derive in this manner [Physarum (Blum et al 1986); Tetrahymena (Sutiphong et al 1984); Bombyx (Fujiwara and Ishikawa 1987); maize (McMullen et al 1986); wheat (Barker et al 1988); pea (Piller et al 1990)]. The 5' processing in yeast is also known to require the U3 snRNP (Hughes and Ares 1991).…”

Section: Ea293~13' Which Is the Same As Ea2933'mentioning

confidence: 85%

The terminal balls characteristic of eukaryotic rRNA transcription units in chromatin spreads are rRNA processing complexes.

Mougey¹,

O'Reilly²,

Osheim³

et al. 1993

Genes Dev.

167

131

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When spread chromatin is visualized by electron microscopy, active rRNA genes have a characteristic Christmas tree appearance: From a DNA "trunk" extend closely packed "branches" of nascent transcripts whose ends are decorated with terminal "balls." These terminal balls have been known for more than two decades, are shown in most biology textbooks, and are reported in hundreds of papers, yet their nature has remained elusive. Here, we show that a rRNA-processing signal in the 5'-external transcribed spacer (ETS) of the Xenopus laevis ribosomal primary transcript forms a large, processing-related complex with factors of the Xenopus oocyte, analogous to 5' ETS processing complexes found in other vertebrate cell types. Using mutant rRNA genes, we find that the same rRNA residues are required for this biochemically defined complex formation and for terminal ball formation, analyzed electron microscopically after injection of these cloned genes into Xenopus oocytes. This, plus other presented evidence, implies that rRNA terminal balls in Xenopus, and by inference, also in the multitude of other species where they have been observed, are the uhrastructural visualization of an evolutionarily conserved 5' ETS processing complex that forms on the nascent rRNA.[Key Words: rRNA processing complex; terminal balls; eukaryotic rRNA transcription units; chromatin spreads; X. laevis] Received February 5, 1993; revised version accepted May 21, 1993.One of the earliest, yet still highly informative and much used methods of studying eukaryotic gene expression, is by direct electron microscopic visualization of the transcribing chromatin (Miller and Beatty 1969a). This technique of native chromatin visualization (forming socalled Miller spreads) has facilitated numerous advances in the analysis of gene expression. These include (1) the finding that eukaryotic rRNA genes are organized typically in tandem head-to-tail arrays separated by "nontranscribed spacers" (Miller and Beatty 1969a); (2) the demonstration that the polarity of ribosomal transcription is from 18S to 28S (Reeder et al. 1976), (3) the first analyses of the synchrony of rRNA transcriptional turnon during development Foe 1978;Franke et al. 1979); (4) the first indication of transcription of cloned rRNA genes (Trendelenburg and Gutdon 1978); and (5) the ability to visualize spliceosome complexes on nascent RNA polymerase II-driven transcripts Beyer and Osheim 1988).

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Section: Ea293~13' Which Is the Same As Ea2933'mentioning

confidence: 85%

The terminal balls characteristic of eukaryotic rRNA transcription units in chromatin spreads are rRNA processing complexes.

Mougey¹,

O'Reilly²,

Osheim³

et al. 1993

Genes Dev.

167

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Singlestrand templates were prepared as described by McMullen et al (1986) and sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method of Sanger et al (1977), using [a-3sSIdATP as the labeled nucleotide. As illustrated by the sequencing strategy shown in Figure 1, all sequence was determined on both strands, with the exception of a small portion of each clone in the 3'-noncoding region.…”

Section: Dna Sequence Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The probes used for the experiments shown in Figures 5 and 6 were all primer extension-labeled single-stranded pUCll8 or pUCll9 templates containing the inserts indicated in the figure legends in the orientation appropriate for hybridization to the corresponding mRNA, with the exception of the rDNA probe. This probe consisted of the plasmid pZmR1 (McMullen et al 1986), containing the entire maize rDNA repeat, which had been labeled by nick translation.…”

Section: Rna Isolation and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The organization and expression of a maize ribosomal protein gene family.

Larkin¹,

Hunsperger

Culley

et al. 1989

Genes Dev.

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We have isolated several Zea mays cDNAs encoding the 40S subunit ribosomal protein S14. In maize, this ribosomal protein is encoded by a small multigene family, at least three members of which are expressed. S14 transcript levels are highest in mitotically active tissues, such as seedling shoot, developing endosperm, and tassel primordia, and lowest in tissues with little cell division, such as mature leaf and root. Very little S14 RNA is present in pollen, suggesting that translation of pollen mRNAs during pollen germination uses preformed ribosomes. During kernel development, the highest levels of S14 transcripts in endosperm tissue are found at 10-12 days postpollination; S14 RNA levels decline continuously from this point onward. The period of maximal expression of the S14 ribosomal protein gene appears to precede the onset of storage protein synthesis and does not correlate with the reported times of increased nucleolar volume or genome amplification.

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“…The rDNA of maize contains approximately 10,000 tandem repeats of a unit of 9.1 kb each. In a standard rDNA repeat, there are no HindIII recognition sites and only a single EcoRI site (McMullen et al, 1986). In contrast, there are numerous MboI sites within the repeat.…”

Section: Bac Library Screening With Complex Probesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Three Maize Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Libraries toward Anchoring of the Physical Map to the Genetic Map Using High-Density Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Filter Hybridization

et al. 2002

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Three maize (Zea mays) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were constructed from inbred line B73. High-density filter sets from all three libraries, made using different restriction enzymes (HindIII,EcoRI, and MboI, respectively), were evaluated with a set of complex probes including the185-bp knob repeat, ribosomal DNA, two telomere-associated repeat sequences, four centromere repeats, the mitochondrial genome, a multifragment chloroplast DNA probe, and bacteriophage λ. The results indicate that the libraries are of high quality with low contamination by organellar and λ-sequences. The use of libraries from multiple enzymes increased the chance of recovering each region of the genome. Ninety maize restriction fragment-length polymorphism core markers were hybridized to filters of the HindIII library, representing 6× coverage of the genome, to initiate development of a framework for anchoring BAC contigs to the intermated B73 × Mo17 genetic map and to mark the bin boundaries on the physical map. All of the clones used as hybridization probes detected at least three BACs. Twenty-two single-copy number core markers identified an average of 7.4 ± 3.3 positive clones, consistent with the expectation of six clones. This information is integrated into fingerprinting data generated by the Arizona Genomics Institute to assemble the BAC contigs using fingerprint contig and contributed to the process of physical map construction.

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The structure of the maize ribosomal DNA spacer region

Cited by 146 publications

References 40 publications

The terminal balls characteristic of eukaryotic rRNA transcription units in chromatin spreads are rRNA processing complexes.

The terminal balls characteristic of eukaryotic rRNA transcription units in chromatin spreads are rRNA processing complexes.

The organization and expression of a maize ribosomal protein gene family.

Characterization of Three Maize Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Libraries toward Anchoring of the Physical Map to the Genetic Map Using High-Density Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Filter Hybridization

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