The structure of the Pb/PbSO4 electrode in the reduced state and the changes produced by lignin derivatives and BaSO4

Simon, Adam C.; Caulder, S. M.; Gurlusky, P. J.; Pierson, John R.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(74)80017-4

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…On some of the charged plates, the lead platelets were clustered in groups which appeared to emanate from a single source. The latter morphology is similar to that found by Simon et al (2) after cycling pasted negative plates made, as the present plates are, with lignin but without BaSO4.…”

Section: Morphological Changes In Sintered Plates With Cycling-supporting

confidence: 92%

Sintered Lead Negative Plates Made with Leachable Pore Formers

Hall

1989

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Porous lead plates were made by sintering lead powder mixed with Na2SO4 crushed and sieved into various size ranges. The Na2SO4 pore former was leached from the sintered plates, leaving a uniformly distributed network of large pores. The plates were then characterized and the effects of these macropores on active mass utilization were studied. The sintered plates were highly porous, with densities of 30–42% of the theoretical lead density. As the pore‐former particle size was reduced, plate density decreased and BET surface area increased, primarily due to lower packing density in the uncompacted powder mix. Correspondingly, plates with smaller macropores also gave better active mass utilizations at both high and moderate discharge rates. Comparison with the discharge behavior of commercial pasted negative plates indicated that the macropores partially countered the acid starvation which occurs during high rate discharge. Despite having only a simple lignin soak as the expander treatment, the sintered plates retained their capacities better than the pasted plates in repetitive moderate and high rate cycling.

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Section: Morphological Changes In Sintered Plates With Cycling-supporting

confidence: 92%

Sintered Lead Negative Plates Made with Leachable Pore Formers

Hall

1989

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Currently, two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain why lignin increases the capacity, neither of which is expected to be a major factor in this study. First, lignin is known to increase the capacity during the forming of the electrode by producing a high porosity, high surface area structure, which improves utilization of the active mass [4,12,31,32]. In the present study, these beneficial effects are not expected to occur because electroplated Pb was used, which did not undergo an electrode formation process.…”

Section: (Insert Figure 3 Here)mentioning

confidence: 82%

Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Galvanostatic Growth of Lead Sulfate on Lead: Impact of Lignosulfonate

Knehr

Eng

Wang

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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The galvanostatic growth of PbSO 4 on Pb in H 2 SO 4 was studied using scanning electron microscopy and in situ transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM). Images from the TXM are used to investigate the effects of sodium lignosulfonate on the PbSO 4 formation and the initial growth of the PbSO 4 crystals. Sodium lignosulfonate is shown to retard, on average, the growth of the PbSO 4 crystals, yielding a film with smaller crystals and higher crystal densities. In addition, results from experiments with and without sodium lignosulfonate indicate an increase in the nucleation rate of the PbSO 4 crystals when the oxidation current is applied, which was attributed to an increase in the supersaturation of the electrolyte. Furthermore, an analysis of the growth rates of individual, large crystals showed an initial rapid growth which declined as the PbSO 4 surface coverage increased. It was concluded that the increase in PbSO 4 provides additional sites for precipitation and reduces the precipitation rate on the existing crystals. Finally, the potentialtime transient at the beginning of oxidation is suggested to result from the relaxation of a supersaturated solution and the development of a PbSO 4 film with increasing resistance.

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“…The conventional pasted electrodes as used in the lead-acid battery has a high degree of uncertainty of being reproducible because of the complexities associated in its preparation. The expander activity evaluation by such pasted electrodes as used by Ritchie (8), Willihnganz (10), Pierson et al (4,5,6), Mahato (7), Simon (9), Zachlin (11), and Gillibrand et aI. (15,16) has remained highly qualitative.…”

Section: Definition Of Expander Activity and Evaluation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The material utilization of the lead electrode which has to date been greatly influenced by the expander incorporated in the paste during electrode preparation (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) has remained close to 40% at the 3 hr rate (1). This leaves behind 60% unutilized mass of this electrode to account for, at least partly, the low energy density of the lead-acid system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conventional expander is a mixture of a lignin compound, barium sulfate, and carbon black (2,3). Out of these the lignin compound brings out the most beneficial influence (or expander action) to the lead active mass by altering its structure during formation (4)(5)(6) and by suppressing the growth of large lead crystals during repeated charge/discharge cycling (7); the barium sulfate and carbon black have very limited and sometimes questionable influence on the electrode characteristics (4)(5)(6). Thus the improvement in expander quality relies heavily on obtaining an improved lignin compound.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lead‐Acid Battery Expander: I . Electrochemical Evaluation Techniques

Mahato

1980

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The role of lignosulfonate constituent of the lead‐acid battery expander on the negative electrode performance is analyzed. Two quantitative electro‐chemical techniques have been developed to monitor the expander activities on constant current discharge and capacity maintenance behavior of the electrode during cycling. Both these techniques are based on small electrodes and proved effective in evaluating expander candidate materials outside the test battery. Test results agree closely with the reported expander's influence on the pasted electrode. The plausible mechanisms of expander action during high rate discharge and deep discharge cycling are elucidated.

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The structure of the Pb/PbSO4 electrode in the reduced state and the changes produced by lignin derivatives and BaSO4

Cited by 19 publications

References 8 publications

Sintered Lead Negative Plates Made with Leachable Pore Formers

Sintered Lead Negative Plates Made with Leachable Pore Formers

Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Galvanostatic Growth of Lead Sulfate on Lead: Impact of Lignosulfonate

Lead‐Acid Battery Expander: I . Electrochemical Evaluation Techniques

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