“…For example, through cooperation, group members’ enthusiasm will be affected by each other, thereby improving their learning motivation ( Hortiguela-Alcala et al, 2019 ; Namaziandost et al, 2019 ); based on this, hypothesis H8 is proposed. On the other hand, learners can also benefit from reviewing others’ views and memories, hence deepening their understanding and analyzing each other’s views; in this process, learners’ faculty of memory is enhanced ( Amini, 2019 ), along with understanding ( Sumarni et al, 2018 ), knowledge transference, and application ( Indrayati, 2019 ), and problem-solving ( Jalinus et al, 2019 ) skills; based on this, hypotheses H9, H10, H11, and H12 are put forward. Additionally, everyone has their unique ways of understanding and tackling problems, through the comparison of which, their ability to evaluate problems and reflect can be substantially boosted ( Erdogan, 2019 ), and critical thinking ( Huang et al, 2017 ; Sanchez-Hernandez et al, 2018 ) and innovative thinking ( Hasan et al, 2019 ) capabilities; based on this, hypotheses H13, H14, and H15 are proposed.…”