The study of active avoidance: A platform for discussion

Diehl, María M.; Bravo-Rivera, Christian; Quirk, Gregory J.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.010

Cited by 68 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Active avoidance is the prototypic model of active coping, and although the role of instrumental learning in active avoidance paradigms has been a matter of debate, recent evidence supports the view that conditioned avoidance responses depend on both Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning [22,23]. In line with this view, neuroplasticity markers have been detected within the brain circuit in different phases of active avoidance learning the corticostriatal circuit involved in goal-directed instrumental learning [24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Adaptive Coping and Functional Neuroplasticitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Functional and Dysfunctional Neuroplasticity in Learning to Cope with Stress

et al. 2020

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In this brief review, we present evidence of the primary role of learning-associated plasticity in the development of either adaptive or maladaptive coping strategies. Successful interactions with novel stressors foster plasticity within the neural circuits supporting acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, and extinction of instrumental learning leading to development of a rich repertoire of flexible and context-specific adaptive coping responses, whereas prolonged or repeated exposure to inescapable/uncontrollable stressors fosters dysfunctional plasticity within the learning circuits leading to perseverant and inflexible maladaptive coping strategies. Finally, the results collected using an animal model of genotype-specific coping styles indicate the engagement of different molecular networks and the opposite direction of stress effects (reduced vs. enhanced gene expression) in stressed animals, as well as different behavioral alterations, in line with differences in the symptoms profile associated with post-traumatic stress disorder.

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Section: Adaptive Coping and Functional Neuroplasticitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Functional and Dysfunctional Neuroplasticity in Learning to Cope with Stress

et al. 2020

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“…Evidence suggests that the amygdala is necessary for avoidance behaviors Bravo-Rivera et al, 2014;Ramirez et al, 2015). Interestingly, regulation of these amygdala-dependent avoidance responses requires PL encoding (Bravo-Rivera et al, 2014, 2015a, which controls behavioral output through projections to NAcc, a limbicmotor interface (Bravo-Rivera et al, 2015b;Floresco, 2015;Diehl et al, 2019).…”

Section: Aversive Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The platform-mediated avoidance (PMA) task serves a model of risky-reward seeking, in which animals foraging reward in the corner of a behavioral box must go onto a safety platform on the opposite corner to avoid a tone-signaled foot-shock (Bravo-Rivera et al, 2014, 2016; Figure 2A). The advantages and disadvantages of PMA compared to other avoidance tasks have been described elsewhere (Diehl et al, 2019). In the crossing-mediated conflict (CMC) task, an animal that is placed on one end of a straight alley must cross a grid to obtain a light-signaled reward on the safe zone on the opposite side of the alley.…”

Section: Using Conflict Choice Behavior To Understand Competing Emotimentioning

confidence: 99%

From Isolated Emotional Memories to Their Competition During Conflict

Bravo-Rivera

Sotres-Bayón

2020

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Aversive or rewarding experiences are remembered better than those of lesser survival significance. These emotional memories, whether negative or positive, leave traces in the brain which can later be retrieved and strongly influence how we perceive, how we form associations with environmental stimuli and, ultimately, guide our decision-making. In this review aticle, we outline what constitutes an emotional memory by focusing on threat-and reward-related memories and describe how they are formed in the brain during learning and reformed during retrieval. Finally, we discuss how the field is moving from understanding emotional memory brain circuits separately, towards studying how these two opposing brain systems interact to guide choices during conflict. Here, we outline two novel tasks in rodents that model opposing binary choices (approach or avoid) guided by competing emotional memories. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a major integration hub of emotional information which is also known to be critical for decision-making. Consequently, brain circuits that involve this brain region may be key for understanding how the retrieval of emotional memories flexibly orchestrates adaptive choice behavior. Because several mental disorders (e.g., drug addiction and depression) are characterized by deficits in decision-making in the face of conflicting emotional memories (maladaptively giving more weight to one memory over the other), the development of choice-based animal models for emotional regulation could give rise to new approaches for the treatment of these disorders in humans.

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“…Here, we propose that PL bidirectionally controls active 226 avoidance by modulating the effect of BLA inputs to VS, through activation of BLA and/or feed-227 forward inhibition of VS, perhaps via fast-spiking interneurons (Berke, 2011). In PMA, PL driving 228 of avoidance is most pronounced during the early part of the tone, as pharmacological 229 inactivation of PL delays but does not prevent avoidance (Diehl, Bravo-Rivera and Quirk, 2019). 230…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Divergent projections of the prelimbic cortex bidirectionally regulate active avoidance

Diehl

Iravedra-Garcia²,

Morán-Sierra³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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27The prefrontal cortex (PFC) integrates incoming information to guide our actions. When 28 motivation for food-seeking competes with avoidance, the PFC likely plays a role in selecting 29 the optimal choice. In platform-mediated active avoidance, rats avoid a tone-signaled footshock 30 by stepping onto a nearby platform, delaying access to sucrose pellets. This avoidance requires 31 prelimbic (PL) prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala (BLA), and ventral striatum (VS). We 32 previously showed that inhibitory tone responses of PL neurons correlate with avoidability of 33 shock (Diehl et al., 2018). Here, we optogenetically modulated PL terminals in VS and BLA to 34 identify PL outputs regulating avoidance. Photoactivating PL-VS projections reduced avoidance, 35whereas photoactivating PL-BLA projections increased avoidance. Moreover, photosilencing 36 PL-BLA or BLA-VS projections reduced avoidance, suggesting that VS receives opposing inputs 37 from PL and BLA. Bidirectional modulation of avoidance by PL projections to VS and BLA 38 enables the animal to make appropriate decisions when faced with competing drives. 39

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The study of active avoidance: A platform for discussion

Cited by 68 publications

References 122 publications

Functional and Dysfunctional Neuroplasticity in Learning to Cope with Stress

Functional and Dysfunctional Neuroplasticity in Learning to Cope with Stress

From Isolated Emotional Memories to Their Competition During Conflict

Divergent projections of the prelimbic cortex bidirectionally regulate active avoidance

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