The Study of Cavitation in HDPE Using Time Resolved Synchrotron X‐ray Scattering During Tensile Deformation

Schneider, Konrad; Trabelsi, Siwar; Zafeiropoulos, Nikolaos E.; Davies, Richard J.; Riekel, C.; Stamm, Manfred

doi:10.1002/masy.200690062

Cited by 56 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The cavitation in tensile drawing of high density polyethylene was studied by Butler et al [3,6], Addiego et al [13], Schneider et al [14] and others. Butler et al [15] examined in-situ small-and wide-angle X-ray scattering from deformed quenched and annealed PE samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cavitation during tensile drawing of annealed high density polyethylene

Pawlak

Gałęski

2010

Polymer

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The annealing of semicrystalline polymers usually leads to the crystal refinement and thickening. It appears that also the cavitation during tensile drawing is affected. In the uniaxially drawn high density polyethylene a massive cavitation was detected by X-ray scattering in samples previously annealed at 125 o C. The number of voids depends on the annealing time, while their size and orientation depends on the local strain. The cavitation resulted in 30% increase of volume for annealed samples, strained to 4-5. Cavitation and volume increase were not observed for small and intermediate strains if the polyethylene samples were not annealed. The decrease of drawing rate results in reducing cavitation and also the void stability: at the low strain rate voids were detected during tensile drawing but they disappeared after unloading the sample.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synchrotron radiation also was used by Schneider et al [14] for the studies of HDPE deformation. They concluded that a competitive phenomena like crystallite fragmentation and cavitation occur simultaneously at yielding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavitation during tensile drawing of annealed high density polyethylene

Pawlak

Gałęski

2010

Polymer

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“…Cavitation behavior has been found in many semi-crystalline polymers, including isotacticpolypropylene (iPP) [1,2], polyethylene (PE) [3,4], poly(1-butene) (P1B) [5], and so on, when these polymers are stretched above their glass transition temperature. Stress whitening can be regarded as the scattering of visible light by voids detected by naked eye.…”

Section: Cavitation Behavior Of Semi-crystalline Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first synchrotron light source was the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) build in 1977 [28]. Nowadays, a few synchrotron radiations have been set up all over the world, and the synchrotron radiation has been developed into the third generation, to name a few, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in France [3], Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Germany (see Figure 2) [29], Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) [30] in China, and so on. At PETRA III of DESY, the size of the X-ray beam could reach a few micrometers and the exposure time could be milliseconds.…”

Section: Role Of the State Of Amorphous Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Cavitation Behavior of Semi-Crystalline Polymers during Uniaxial Stretching Studied by Synchrotron Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering

Chang¹,

Schneider²,

Kuehnert³

et al. 2018

Small Angle Scattering and Diffraction

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Cavitation appears in many semi-crystalline polymers when they are subjected to uniaxial stretching above their glass transition temperatures. Generally, the formation of voids is influenced by the morphology of semi-crystalline polymers, including their lamellae thickness, lamellae orientation, as well as the arrangement of the amorphous phase. Upon stretching, the size of the voids changes as a function of the local strain. Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can be used as a powerful method to in-situ monitor the evolution of voids with high time and spatial resolution. In this chapter, recent reports about the cavitation behavior of semi-crystalline polymers studied by SAXS are reviewed. Afterwards, the theoretical background related to the SAXS technique is introduced. Lastly, some exemplary results about the cavitation behavior of microinjection-molded isotactic-polypropylene, studied by synchrotron SAXS measurements, are presented.

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“…Figure 5a and Figure 5b show examples of the equatorial and the meridional SAXS intensity profiles, I EQ q 2 and I MR q 2 respectively, recorded during the tensile deformation between the yield point and the start of strain hardening [Y-S] with strain in the range e 2 [0.05-3.0]. [6] The evolution of the first peak of the crystallites at q % 0.22 nm À1 can be followed. The second correlation peak is less pronounced in comparison with first peak; the short exposure time does not allow both peaks to be recorded with reasonable statistics.…”

Section: Waxs/saxs During Tensile Deformation Of Polyethylene (Pe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ Investigation of Structural Changes during Deformation and Fracture of Polymers by Synchrotron SAXS and WAXS

2009

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For many applications of polymers, their mechanical properties play an important role. These properties are strongly dependent on processing (thermal and deformation (mainly shear) history), by which the chain orientation and morphology are formed. To improve the mechanical properties of soft materials, a deeper understanding of the processes of deformation and failure is necessary. In this context, mechanisms at different length scales play a role, whose interaction and interplay must be understood and tailored.X-ray scattering is sensitive to differences in the electron density on scales above the wavelength of the X-rays. Thus, by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), crystallites, and their internal order and orientation are detectable. By small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), phase structures (including microcracks and voids) can be investigated in the range of up to about 100 nm (dependent on the wavelength, the sampleto-detector distance and the detector resolution).Coupling mechanical testing and synchrotron x-ray scattering enables a simultaneous investigation of the mechanical and structural features of materials. In this way, damage mechanisms of polymers involving cavitation and fibrillation can be investigated. Local deformation mechanisms can be identified, such as shear yielding. Individual failure events can be followed with a spatial resolution in the micrometer range. A better understanding of the processes in the crack zone of the polymer is achieved by local structural investigations. On this basis, models for structure-properties relationships can be established or verified. Experimental PartOnline-structural characterisation during deformation was performed by the following strategy. To get local structural information, a well-defined local-deformation geometry must be realised. Therefore, waisted specimens with the dimensions shown in Figure 1 were used: the thickness was 1.0 AE 0.1 mm. The dimensions could be scaled up or down. In this way, miniaturised specimens were also possible. The local strain in the middle of the specimen was estimated optically, by marks or by an optical-grating technique. A miniaturised tensile rig with two, parallel, moving grips held the specimen in such a way that the middle of the specimen was always in place during deformation. Using this sample geometry, necking started in the middle of the specimen and passed directly into strain hardening. Comparison of the mechanical data obtained by the classical dog-bone and the waisted specimens shows good agreement.The local structure was characterised by SAXS and WAXS measurements. The whole experimental set-up is shown in Figure 2 (see also Davies et al. [1] ). The experiments were performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble (ESRF), ID13, with beams with a diameter of about 5 mm, and a photon energy of 12.6 keV or wavelength of 0.997 Å (without WAXS) and at the Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB, BW4, with beams of 0.3 mm Â 0.3 mm, and a photon energy of 9.06 keV or wavelength of 1...

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The Study of Cavitation in HDPE Using Time Resolved Synchrotron X‐ray Scattering During Tensile Deformation

Cited by 56 publications

References 15 publications

Cavitation during tensile drawing of annealed high density polyethylene

Cavitation during tensile drawing of annealed high density polyethylene

Cavitation Behavior of Semi-Crystalline Polymers during Uniaxial Stretching Studied by Synchrotron Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering

In situ Investigation of Structural Changes during Deformation and Fracture of Polymers by Synchrotron SAXS and WAXS

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