The study of wise persons: integrating a personality perspective

Orwoll, Lucinda; Perlmutter, Marion

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173704.009

Cited by 136 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…] found that '... older people who did possess wisdom did not begrudge loss of those people or things over which they could exert no control; they treated their infirmities with humor as well as medi- Ardelt cine and exuded a contentment and peacefulness that drew the discontented to them. ' Orwoll and Perlmutter [1990] reported that wise nominees scored higher on an ego-integrity measure than creative nominees. The former were also more likely than the latter to endorse a generative perspective (i.e., concern for humankind).…”

Section: 'The Art Of Living'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wisdom as Expert Knowledge System: A Critical Review of a Contemporary Operationalization of an Ancient Concept

Ardelt¹

2004

Human Development

365

262

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Paul B. Baltes and his colleagues, who are among the most prominent contemporary wisdom researchers, define wisdom as ‘expert knowledge in the domain fundamental pragmatics of life.’ By contrast, this article argues that the definition, operationalization, and measurement of wisdom should not be reduced to expertise and that the term wisdom should be reserved for wise persons rather than expert knowledge. In fact, evidence from their research confirms that Baltes et al. primarily assess expert or intellectual knowledge in the wisdom domain ‘fundamental pragmatics of life’ rather than how wise people are. As an alternative, a model of wisdom is presented that defines, operationalizes, and measures wisdom as an integration of cognitive, reflective, and affective personality characteristics.

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Section: 'The Art Of Living'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wisdom as Expert Knowledge System: A Critical Review of a Contemporary Operationalization of an Ancient Concept

Ardelt¹

2004

Human Development

365

262

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“…aging | wisdom | intelligence | problem-solving | reasoning F olk psychology holds that people become wiser as they get older (1)(2)(3), even in the face of significant age-related declines in many (but not all) forms of cognitive processing (4). A sufficient reason for assuming that older people are wiser is that they have more life experience (especially experience of social life) (3,5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age

Grossmann

Varnum

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

271

257

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It is well documented that aging is associated with cognitive declines in many domains. Yet it is a common lay belief that some aspects of thinking improve into old age. Specifically, older people are believed to show better competencies for reasoning about social dilemmas and conflicts. Moreover, the idea of aging-related gains in wisdom is consistent with views of the aging mind in developmental psychology. However, to date research has provided little evidence corroborating this assumption. We addressed this question in two studies, using a representative community sample. We asked participants to read stories about intergroup conflicts and interpersonal conflicts and predict how these conflicts would unfold. We show that relative to young and middle-aged people, older people make more use of higher-order reasoning schemes that emphasize the need for multiple perspectives, allow for compromise, and recognize the limits of knowledge. Our coding scheme was validated by a group of professional counselors and wisdom researchers. Social reasoning improves with age despite a decline in fluid intelligence. The results suggest that it might be advisable to assign older individuals to key social roles involving legal decisions, counseling, and intergroup negotiations. Furthermore, given the abundance of research on negative effects of aging, this study may help to encourage clinicians to emphasize the inherent strengths associated with aging.aging | wisdom | intelligence | problem-solving | reasoning F olk psychology holds that people become wiser as they get older (1-3), even in the face of significant age-related declines in many (but not all) forms of cognitive processing (4). A sufficient reason for assuming that older people are wiser is that they have more life experience (especially experience of social life) (3, 5, 6). Moreover, the idea of aging-related gains in wisdom is consistent with views of the aging mind in developmental psychology (7).There are many different views of the nature of wisdom (8). However, there is some consensus that wisdom involves the use of certain types of pragmatic reasoning to navigate important challenges of social life. For instance, Paul Baltes, who developed the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, defined wisdom as knowledge useful for dealing with life problems, including an awareness of the varied contexts of life and how they change over time, recognition that values and life goals differ among individuals and among groups, and acknowledgment of the uncertainties of life together with ways to manage those uncertainties (9). Similarly, Michael Basseches (10, 11) and Deirdre Kramer (12)-representing the neo-Piagetian or postformal view of reasoning-formulated a set of cognitive schemas involved in wise thinking, among them acknowledgment of others' points of view, appreciation of contexts broader than the issue at hand, sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations, acknowledgment of the likelihood of multiple outcomes of a social conflict, concern with conflict resolution,...

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“…Mengenai teori-teori yang integratif, termasuk di sini studi dari Orwoll dan Perlmutter (1993), dan pandangan Birren dan Fisher (1993). Orwoll dan Perlmutter, mengatakan kearifan itu secara relatif jarang terdapat, karena kearifan tidak hanya memerlukan perkembangan kepribadian yang luar biasa, tetapi juga fungsi-fungsi kognitif yang istimewa.…”

Section: Kearifanunclassified

Kearifan Dan Manifestasinya Pada Tokoh-Tokoh Lanjut Usia

Basri¹

2006

Makara Hubs-Asia

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AbstrakPenelitian ini berupaya mengkaji ciri-ciri/karakteristik dan faktor-faktor kearifan menurut pandangan tiga kelompok usia yaitu dewasa muda, dewasa madya dan lansia. Dilanjutkan dengan mendeskripsikan manifestasi berbagai ciri dan faktor kearifan tersebut dalam kehidupan para tokoh lansia yang mereka pandang arif. Penelitian dilakukan secara bertahap, diawali dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan melakukan elisitasi jawaban mengenai ciri-ciri kearifan, kemudian penyebaran kuesioner mengenai ciri-ciri yang telah disepakati kepada tiga kelompok usia di Jakarta dan sekitarnya. Dengan menggunakan uji statistik Analisis Faktor dan Analisis Varian Satu Arah dengan mencari nilai uji F, diperoleh hasil berikut ini. Dari 43 ciri kearifan yang diperoleh, ditemukan 5 faktor yang mempengaruhi kearifan, masing-masing bernama: (1) Kondisi Spiritual-Moral; (2) Kemampuan Hubungan Antar Manusia; (3) Kemampuan Menilai dan Mengambil Keputusan; (4) Kondisi Personal; dan (5) Kemampuan Khusus/Istimewa. Faktor SpiritualMoral merupakan faktor khas yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini dibandingkan dengan studi-studi sebelumnya. Faktor ini juga disepakati oleh para responden sebagai kontributor terbesar untuk menggambarkan kearifan. Dari pendekatan kualitatif sebagai langkah berikutnya, melalui wawancara terhadap tiga tokoh lansia yang dipandang arif oleh para responden dari tiga kelompok usia, diperoleh gambaran yang unik tentang isi pengalaman dan persoalan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari para tokoh, yang merupakan manifestasi dari kelima faktor kearifan tersebut. AbstractThis study tried to identify the characteristics and factors of wisdom using three age groups: young adult, middle adult, and elderly. Forty three characteristics were established. Factor analysis and one-way analysis of variance were used and 5 factors were found: (1) Spiritual-Moral Condition; (2) Interpersonal Relationship Ability; (3) Judgment and Decision Making Ability; (4) Personal Condition; and (5) Exceptional/Specific Ability. Spiritual-Moral Condition was a unique factor that former researches did not mention this condition as a factor of wisdom. This condition was also judged as the prime contributor to describe wisdom. Using interview, this study also described the unique manifestations of the five factors of wisdom in the life of three elderly people judged as wise persons by the respondents.

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The study of wise persons: integrating a personality perspective

Cited by 136 publications

References 0 publications

Wisdom as Expert Knowledge System: A Critical Review of a Contemporary Operationalization of an Ancient Concept

Wisdom as Expert Knowledge System: A Critical Review of a Contemporary Operationalization of an Ancient Concept

Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age

Kearifan Dan Manifestasinya Pada Tokoh-Tokoh Lanjut Usia

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