The study on facial soft tissue thickness using Han population in Xinjiang

Wang, Jierui; Zhao, Xi; Mi, Congbo; Iqbal, Raza

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.032

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…After mass normalization FSTTs possessed a reversed pattern of sexual dimorphism in contrast to universally accepted views that males hold larger values than females (De Greef et al, ; Dong et al, ; Helmer, ; Sahni et al, ; Simpson & Henneberg, ; Wang et al, ; Wilkinson, ). After standardizing for body mass, females displayed larger FSTTs than males and with a 2.7× larger mean magnitude (16%) than the mean raw result (−6%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The first study on the sex differences of the facial soft‐tissue thicknesses was undertaken in 1895 using needle puncture methods in conjunction with cadavers (His ), and reported the now common observation that “female[s]…are everywhere somewhat less than that of men, a behavior that appears due to the thinner skin of the woman” (His, , p. 407). Following repeat studies by Eggeling () and Gerasimov () this observation became regarded as a ground truth in craniofacial identification, and was more recently cemented as fact by statistical significance testing (De Greef, Claes, Vandermeulen, Mollemans, Suetens, & Willems, ; Dong et al, ; Drgáčová, Dupej, & Velemínská, ; Helmer, ; Sahni, Singh, Jit, & Singh, 2008; Simpson & Henneberg, ; Wang, Zhao, Mi, & Raza, ; Wilkinson, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Together with large measurement errors (noise), this leaves little justification for retaining separate datasets and mandates sex category data pooling (Stephan et al, ). The hesitation to embrace this approach, evidenced by continued sex categorization post‐2008 (De Greef et al, ; Dong et al, ; Drgáčová et al, ; Hwang et al, ; Jia et al, ; Wang et al, ) is underpinned by an adherence to past‐practice for past‐practice's sake, succinctly summarized by İşcan and Steyn—“until otherwise proven, it is probably best to still use sex‐ and population‐specific data” (İşcan & Steyn, , p. 371).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: Why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa

Stephan

Preisler

Bulut

et al. 2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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Males are universally reported to possess larger facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) than females, however, this observation oversimplifies the raw data yielding an underpowered assessment of FSTT sex-patterning where: differences are small (η(2) < 5%) and inconsistent (females are routinely larger than males at the cheeks). Here we investigate body-size normalized data to assess whether more general and improved understanding of FSTT sex-variation in humans is possible. FSTTs were measured in 52 healthy living Australians aged 18 to 30 years using B-mode ultrasound. Participants' stature and body mass were also measured. Sex differences were calculated before and after normalization by the aforementioned body-composition variables. Methods were repeated in three other independent samples to evaluate reproducibility: 100 American Whites and 60 American Blacks measured by B-mode ultrasound; and 50 Turkish residents measured by regular supine CT. Compared to raw mean differences (F < M, by -6%), females displayed much thicker FSTTs than males when normalized for body mass (F > M, by +16%). Consequently, while the sexes share similar raw values, females possess much larger FSTTs for their relatively lighter bodies. The relative FSTT difference was 2.7× larger than the raw mean difference. Sex differences in FSTT are of larger magnitude and reversed direction in mass normalized data. Contrary to popular thought, females possess much larger FSTTs than males owing to their generically lighter bodies (-18 kg). These data patterns help explain why the pooling of sex-categorized FSTT does not jeopardize the sex-difference-it is encoded more strongly in terms relative to body mass.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: Why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa

Stephan

Preisler

Bulut

et al. 2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Wang et al, [10] in a Chinese population found a statistically significant variation according to skeletal classes only at stomion, being thicker in Class III than in the other two Classes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The discordances between studies may find different reasons: first, in some cases, results are not comparable, as some authors classify skeletal classes according to different angle thresholds [11]. Secondarily racial variations exist, as highlighted by different authors [10,15], probably including also the ethnic sub-categories, as suggested by studies performed in the close populations [13,15,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Modifications of Midfacial Soft-Tissue Thickness Among Different Skeletal Classes in Italian Children

Gibelli¹,

Zago²,

Cappella³

et al. 2018

TOMIJ

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Background:The anatomical assessment of the arrangement of facial soft tissues has important applications in different fields from orthodontics to plastic surgery. One of the issues concerns the relationship between facial soft tissue thickness and skeletal class. Literature mainly deals with adult populations, whereas very few studies have been focused on children. Objective:This study aims at investigating the relationship between midline facial soft tissue thickness and skeletal classes in Italian pretreatment orthodontic child patients. Methods:Lateral cephalometric X-ray films were obtained from 220 healthy Caucasoid children (91 males and 129 females), aged between 6 and 18 years (Class I: 41 males and 70 females; Class II: 18 males and 25 females; Class III: 32 males and 34 females). All the films were digitized and 14 soft tissue thicknesses were measured on the midface; in addition, the skeletal class was assessed according to the corrected ANB angle (ANBc). Differences in facial soft tissue thickness according to sex and skeletal class were assessed through two-way ANOVA test (p<0.01). Results:Statistically significant differences according to sex were found for labrale superius, stomion and labrale inferius, with thicker soft tissues in males than in females (p<0.01). Only measurements at labrale superius and gnathion showed statistically significant differences according to skeletal class, with thicker soft tissues in Class III children and thinner ones in Class II children (p<0.01). Conclusion:The limited number of investigations, as well as the differences in protocols, renders the comparison of results from different studies difficult, suggesting further investigations to enlighten this complex and debated anatomical issue.

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Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker’s first study

Hona,

Stephan

2023

Int J Legal Med

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This year (2023) marks 140 years since the first publication of a facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) study. Since 1883, a total of 139 studies have been published, collectively tallying > 220,000 tissue thickness measurements of > 19,500 adults. In just the last 5-years, 33 FSTT studies have been conducted. Herein, we add these data (plus an additional 20 studies) to the 2018 T-Table to provide an update of > 81,000 new datapoints to the global tallied facial soft tissue depths table. In contrast to the original 2008 T-Table, some notable changes are as follows: increased FSTTs by 3 mm at infra second molar (ecm2–iM2ʹ), 2.5 mm at gonion (go–goʹ), 2 mm at mid-ramus (mr–mrʹ), and 1.5 mm at zygion (zy–zyʹ). Rolling grand means indicate that stable values have been attained for all nine median FSTT landmarks, while six out of nine bilateral landmarks continue to show ongoing fluctuations, indicating further data collection at these landmarks holds value. When used as point estimators for individuals with known values across 24 landmarks (i.e., C-Table data), the updated grand means produce slightly less estimation error than the 2018 T-Table means (3.5 mm versus 3.6 mm, respectively). Future efforts to produce less noisy datasets (i.e., reduce measurement and sampling errors as much as possible between studies) would be useful.

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The study on facial soft tissue thickness using Han population in Xinjiang

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: Why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa

Turning the tables of sex distinction in craniofacial identification: Why females possess thicker facial soft tissues than males, not vice versa

Modifications of Midfacial Soft-Tissue Thickness Among Different Skeletal Classes in Italian Children

Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker’s first study

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