The subjective experience of heroin effects among individuals with chronic opioid use: Revisiting reinforcement in an exploratory study

Martinez, Suky; Brandt, Laura A.; Comer, Sandra D.; Levin, Frances R.; Jones, Jermaine D.

doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100034

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Instead, multiple sex-or gender-related mechanisms, potentially with different expressions/contributions, could underlie the risk of overdose mortality, at different stages in the life-long trajectories of these substance use disorders [24,35,[89][90][91][92][93]. At a behavioral level, men could more frequently reach patterns of drug exposure associated with greater overdose risk (e.g., due to high doses, or frequency of use) despite negative consequences such as withdrawal (e.g., sex differences in positive or negative reinforcement) [94,95]. There could also be gendered differences in protective factors such as the impact of family and social relationships [96,97], or vulnerability factors such as injecting drugs alone and other risky behaviors [63,98].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overdose mortality rates for opioids or stimulants are higher in males than females, controlling for rates of drug misuse: State-level data

Butelman¹,

Huang²,

Goldstein³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Drug overdoses are an escalating cause of mortality in the United States, with potential sex differences across the lifespan. The objective of this study was to use state-level nationally representative data that includes the COVID-19 pandemic period to determine overdose mortality for specific drug categories across the lifespan of men and women. We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Multiple Cause of Death 2020-2021 data on overdose mortality, for 50 states and District of Columbia, across 10-year age bins (age range: 15-74). The outcome measure was sex-specific crude overdose death rate (per 100,000) for: synthetic opioids excluding methadone (ICD-10 code: T40.4; e.g., fentanyl), heroin (T40.1), psychostimulants with abuse potential (T43.6; e.g., methamphetamine), and cocaine (T40.5). Multiple regression analyses adjusted for ethnic-cultural background and household net worth from Census data, and sex-specific rate of misuse of the relevant substances, from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2019-2020). For each of these major drug categories, men had greater overall overdose mortality than women. Although overall rates of mortality differed across jurisdictions, the sex ratio of mortality for each drug category was relatively stable (≈2- to 3-fold greater mortality in men vs women). These findings survived adjustment for state-level ethnic-cultural and economic variables, and for sex-specific misuse of each drug type (especially in the 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 age bins). These findings underscore the need for research into sex- and gender-based mechanisms underlying differential vulnerability in overdose mortality for these drugs, based on their diverse pharmacodynamics and pathophysiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overdose mortality rates for opioids or stimulants are higher in males than females, controlling for rates of drug misuse: State-level data

Butelman¹,

Huang²,

Goldstein³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, survey data involving people addicted to methamphetamine, a drug with high abuse potential and unfavourable risk profile, found that most user's reasons for usage could be understood as being positively reinforced (69). Another survey study of intravenous heroin users found that close to 50% of participants reported primary motivation of usage as being positively reinforced (70). These data are difficult to explain within a positive-negative reinforcement theory framework such as multi-stage transition or opponent process theory but are subject to response bias which are exacerbated when researchers are tasked with expounding on the primary motivations behind reported reasons for engaging in drug taking behaviour as being positive or negative and to what extent.…”

Section: Conditioning Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overdose, personality correlates and treatment utilization in opioid use disorder

Jones

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Opioid use disorder (OUD) and fatal opioid overdose are significant public health problems. As part of this PhD, I have used mixed methods to investigate multiple aspects of OUD. The investigations described in this thesis include a literature review of personality traits associated with OUD; routine linked-data analysis to identify the sociodemographic and service use characteristics of high-risk opioid users; an interview study to identify factors which facilitate help seeking for OUD; and a literature review and survey study to identify obstacles to adherence for treatment for OUD. The findings from this program of study suggest that there is an enduring personality trait configuration associated with OUD; that high-risk opioid users use health services often but infrequently use substance use treatment services; that help seeking is a values-based behaviour based on rejection of the addiction lifestyle; and that barriers to treatment adherence include comorbid mental health and substance use problems but that more needs to be done to understand obstacles to treatment adherence in this population. It is hoped that the findings of the studies reported in this thesis will be used to inform and develop further studies to help improve outcomes for people with opioid use disorder.

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The influence of drug class on reward in substance use disorders

Jones,

Arout,

Luba

et al. 2024

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The subjective experience of heroin effects among individuals with chronic opioid use: Revisiting reinforcement in an exploratory study

Cited by 4 publications

References 81 publications

Overdose mortality rates for opioids or stimulants are higher in males than females, controlling for rates of drug misuse: State-level data

Overdose mortality rates for opioids or stimulants are higher in males than females, controlling for rates of drug misuse: State-level data

Overdose, personality correlates and treatment utilization in opioid use disorder

The influence of drug class on reward in substance use disorders

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