The success of the fertilization and early larval development of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) is affected by the pH decrease and temperature increase

Echinoidea Community Structure in the Timbul Bone Labunta Sand Waters, Buton Tengah Regency, Southeast Sulawesi

“…The deeper the water, the less light intensity enters the water. Light penetration at the research location reaches the bottom of the waters, making it good for marine plants and photosynthetic organisms (seagrass, zooxhentella algae) to photosynthesize (24). The type of substrate at Station I is sand, Station II is sand and seagrass substrate, while Station III is sand and coral.…”

Combined effect of microplastics and global warming factors on early growth and development of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus)

“…On the counterpart, in Heliocidaris erythrogramma the decrease in pH does not produce major effects in terms of development, but temperature affects the normal embryo and larval development (Byrne et al, 2009). As a general rule, the combination of both parameters generates a stress that provokes a delay in growth and/or several complications on their development (Morley et al, 2016;Pereira et al, 2020;Wolfe et al, 2013). Taken together, our results suggest that growth and development of P. lividus larvae can be severely affected in further scenarios of ocean warming and acidification as those predicted by FAO and IPCC (FAO, 2019;Krinner et al, 2013).…”

Post-bleaching alterations in coral reef communities

“…For example, sea urchin densities across the Chumbe Reef Sanctuary have been gradually declining, while fish densities have been gradually increasing between the years 2006 and 2015 (Kloiber, 2015). Another plausible explanation for observed low post-bleaching densities may be recruitment failure, arising from elevated SST on fertilization success, and also the development of larvae and juvenile sea urchins (Pereira et al, 2020;Gall et al, 2021;Leach et al, 2021).…”