“…The challenge of religious toleration refracted through the Trinitarian Controversy lasted throughout the century and, as Orr (2020) But, perhaps even more pertinent to our contemporary era, the claim to value women and to want to protect them from the perceived despotism of Islam was deployed-in the 18th century, as it was after 9/11-as part of a rhetorical tradition that evolved from the refraction of Islam through the Trinitarian Controversy and the early modern association of Islam with despotism, lasciviousness, and barbarity. Zonana's (1993) concept of "feminist orientalism"-the displacement of critiques of Western patriarchy onto a demonized Muslim "other"-is useful in parsing admiring and denigrating representations of Muslims and Muslim spaces by women in 18th-century England. Andrea is the leading scholar of early modern and early 18th-century feminist orientalism and has, moreover, made signal contributions to the study of early 18th-century women playwrights (including those who Andrea, 2007;Beach, 2017;Montagu et al, 1994;Garcia, 2012;Heffernan & O'Quinn, 2012;Melman, 1992) and, while useful in analyzing an early, positive representation of the Ottomans by a woman, it has the vulnerability of centering an elite perspective.…”