The Summer of 1816 and Volcanism

Landsberg, H. E.; Albert, Johannes

doi:10.1080/00431672.1974.9931683

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In our data set, this cooling does not begin until the early 1800's. Both series demonstrate a cold decade from 1810-1820 which has been well documented in a number of different temperature series (Dansgaard et al, 1975;Lamb, 1977;Manley 1974) and includes the 'year without a summer' in 1816 (Landsberg and Albert, 1974). Following this decade, the temperature continues to decrease in our record but increases abruptly from 1826-1830 in the Groveman and Landsberg (1979) reconstruction.…”

Section: Northern Hemisphere Temperature Analysesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America

1989

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Annual Northern Hemisphere surface temperature departures for the past 300 yr were reconstructed using eleven tree-ring chronologies from highlatitude, boreal sites in Canada and Alaska, spanning over 90 degrees of longitude. This geographic coverage is believed to be adequate for a useful representation of hemispheric-scale temperature trends, as high northern latitudes are particularly sensitive to climatic change. We also present a reconstruction of Arctic annual temperatures. The reconstructions show a partial amelioration of the Little Ice Age after the early 1700's, an abrupt, severe renewal of cold in the early 1800's and a prolonged warming since approximately 1840. These trends are supported by other proxy data. Similarities and differences between our Northern Hemisphere reconstruction and other largescale proxy temperature records depend on such factors as the data sources, methods, and degree of spatial representation. Analyses of additional temperature records, as they become available, are needed to determine the degree to which each series represents fluctuations for the entire hemisphere. There appear to be relationships between trends observed in our Northern Hemisphere reconstruction and certain climatic forcing functions, including solar fluctuations, volcanic activity and atmospheric CO 2. In particular, our reconstruction supports the hypothesis that the global warming trend over the past century of increasing atmospheric CO 2 has exceeded the recent level of natural variability of the climate system.

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Section: Northern Hemisphere Temperature Analysesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America

1989

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“…The dust veil index (which is the measure of increase in the atmospheric turbidity arising from the small particles injected into the stratosphere) has been estimated to be more than twice that of Agung (Lamb, 1970;Robock, 1981;Mitchell, 1982). The Tambora eruption is blamed by some studies in the literature for the cold summer of 1816 on the east coast of North America, where the average temperature was lowest on record with 1.5 to 2.5 ° C below the seasonal norm (Landsberg and Albert, 1974). Indeed, the year 1816 was called "the year without a summer" in New England and eastern Canada, where the daily minimum temperatures were abnormally low from late spring to early fall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tambora eruption in 1815 provides a test on possible global climatic and chemical perturbations in the past

Vupputuri

1992

Nat Hazards

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A coupled one-dimensional radiative-convective-photochemical diffusion model, which takes into account the influence of ocean inertia on global radiative perturbations is used to investigate the possible climatic and other atmospheric effects of a major volcanic eruption, thought to be similar in magnitude to that of the Tambora eruption, Indonesia, which took place in 1815. A volcanic cloud was introduced in the model stratosphere between 20-25 km and the global average peak aerosol optical thickness was assumed to be 0.25. Both the aerosol optical thickness and aerosol composition, which determine the optical properties, were allowed to vary in the model atmosphere during the life cycle of the volcanic cloud. The results indicate that the global average surface temperature decreases steadily from the date of eruption (7-12 April 1815) with maximum cooling of 1 ° K occurring in the spring of 1816. Tile calculations also show significant warming of the stratosphere, with temperature increasing up to 15 ° K at 25 km in less than six months after the date of eruption. The important effects of the Tambora eruption on stratospheric ozone and UV-B radiation at the surface are also mentioned.

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“…Severe weather and frosts occurred on June 6th, which left three to six inches of snow on the ground; similar additional events occurred July 9th, August 21st and August 30th. The June of 1816 was recorded as the coldest ever in the city of New Haven,_CT, U.S.A.., but the temperatures recorded fall within the range of statistical normality _Lands-berg and Albert, 1974.. This picture is less clear cut when other North American temperature records are considered and 1816 is seen to be typical of its decade rather than unique_Baron, 1992.. How typical were the experiences of New Haven for New England in general?…”

Section: The Tambora Eruption and Northern Hemisphere Climate Anomalimentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanoes as agents of past environmental change

Sadler

Grattan

1999

Global and Planetary Change

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In recent years a sequence of papers has discussed the impact of volcanic eruptions upon global environments. Emphasis has been placed upon their potential role in depressing hemispheric temperatures and affecting global weather patterns. Many researchers have related ecological, environmental and historical phenomena to individual eruptions. However, the linking of spatially and temporally disparate phenomenon to eruption chronologies involves several levels of supposition and at each level in the argument greater potential for error arises. This paper examines critically a number of important issues that arise from these studies. How valid are the linkages that are drawn? Do they establish a dependent relationship or merely coincidence? The validity of linking volcanic activity with disparate spatial and temporal events in the climatic, historical and palaeoecological records is addressed. There can be little doubt that volcanoes have a great effect on proximal climates and environments, but their global impact is less well understood. The scale and magnitude of responses to large eruptions such as the historically notorious Tambora_1815.and Mt. Pinatubo_1991.is far from consistent. This paper urges the adoption of a more critical perspective when considering these issues.

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The Summer of 1816 and Volcanism

Cited by 43 publications

References 5 publications

Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America

Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America

The Tambora eruption in 1815 provides a test on possible global climatic and chemical perturbations in the past

Volcanoes as agents of past environmental change

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