The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson's disease

Jacobs, Jan; Lou, Jau‐Shin; Kraakevik, Jeff; Horak, Fay B.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.002

Cited by 226 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The specific role of the vermis could be to provide the adaptive plasticity necessary to modify anticipatory adjustments for the full range of motor outputs. This speculation is supported by the finding that lesions of the cortical motor areas disrupt anticipatory postural adjustments (30), and cerebellar lesions abolish their plasticity (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Coffman

Dum

Strick

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

195

139

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The cerebellum has a medial, cortico-nuclear zone consisting of the cerebellar vermis and the fastigial nucleus. Functionally, this zone is concerned with whole-body posture and locomotion. The vermis classically is thought to be included within the "spinocerebellum" and to receive somatic sensory input from ascending spinal pathways. In contrast, the lateral zone of the cerebellum is included in the "cerebro-cerebellum" because it is densely interconnected with the cerebral cortex. Here we report the surprising result that a portion of the vermis receives dense input from the cerebral cortex. We injected rabies virus into lobules VB-VIIIB of the vermis and used retrograde transneuronal transport of the virus to define disynaptic inputs to it. We found that large numbers of neurons in the primary motor cortex and in several motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere project to the vermis. Thus, our results challenge the classical view of the vermis and indicate that it no longer should be considered as entirely isolated from the cerebral cortex. Instead, lobules VB-VIIIB represent a site where the cortical motor areas can influence descending control systems involved in the regulation of whole-body posture and locomotion. We argue that the projection from the cerebral cortex to the vermis is part of the neural substrate for anticipatory postural adjustments and speculate that dysfunction of this system may underlie some forms of dystonia. motor system | virus tracing C lassically, the cerebellum is divided anatomically into three cortico-nuclear zones: a medial zone consisting of the cerebellar vermis and fastigial nucleus, an intermediate zone consisting of paravermal cortex and interposed nuclei, and a lateral zone consisting of the most lateral cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus (1, 2). Each of these zones is considered to be functionally distinct. For example, lesions of the vermis result in deficits in whole-body posture and locomotion, whereas lesions of the lateral zone result in deficits in limb movements (2, 3). Current texts include the vermis in the "spinocerebellum" and emphasize that it receives somatic sensory inputs related to the head and proximal parts of the body from ascending spinal pathways. In contrast, the lateral zone is included in the "cerebro-cerebellum" because it is densely interconnected with the cerebral cortex (4).We have begun to examine the inputs to the cerebellar cortex using retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus (RV) (5). In the course of these experiments we made the surprising observation that the primary motor cortex (M1) and several of the cortical motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere provide a major source of input to lobules VB-VIIIB of the vermis. Furthermore, a substantial portion of this input comes from cortical regions involved in the control of distal as well as proximal limb movements. Thus, our results challenge the classical view of the vermis and indicate that it no longer should be considered as entirely isolated from the...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Coffman

Dum

Strick

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

195

139

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“…5,11 ). The SMA contributes to the anticipatory postural adjustment for step initiation, which is impaired in PD patients 39 . In the higher primates and in particular those with bipedal gait, SMA/PM (premotor area) projections to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), in addition to the pontomedullary reticular formation, may play a crucial role of initiation of locomotion with appropriate postural control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing of gait is associated with cortical thinning in mesial frontal cortex

Vaštík¹,

Hok²,

Valošek³

et al. 2017

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub

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Aims.The relationship between freezing of gait (FOG) and regional brain atrophy has been intensively investigated, but it is still not clearly understood. The study objective was to test whether grey matter (GM) atrophy contributes to FOG in Parkinson´s disease (PD) using a surface-based algorithm. Methods. We investigated 21 patients with PD, 11 with FOG and 10 without FOG. Both groups were assessed using a FOG questionnaire and Hoehn and Yahr staging. High resolution T1-weighted brain images were acquired for each subject using a 1.5T MRI scanner. A surface-based method implemented in FreeSurfer was used to quantify the GM atrophy. A vertex-wise and region of interest (ROI) comparison of spatially normalized subject data using a general linear model and the Wilcoxon rank sum test were to assess significant group differences. Results. Higher global levels of cortical atrophy were detected in freezers, although this was not statistically significant. The vertex-wise analysis revealed significant local reduction in grey matter thickness in the left supplementary motor area, m iddle/anterior cingulate cortex, temporal pole and right frontal operculum in freezers at P<0.001, uncorrected. The ROI analysis of average thickness confirmed the regional atrophy in bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. No significant relative regional cortical atrophy was observed in non-freezers. Conclusion. FOG was associated with regional cortical atrophy, especially in mesial frontal and cingulate cortices. Our findings provide additional evidence that the development of FOG in patients with PD is associated with local structural cortical changes.

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“…In other words, it appears that the duration of APA in the reactiontime condition was precisely tuned by the central nervous system to reach the minimal possible value allowing complete adaptation, thus revealing a possible functional link between the programming of APA amplitude and APA duration. Interestingly, Jacobs et al (2009) suggested that the supplementary motor area may contribute to the timing of APA associated with step initiation, whereas APA amplitude may be relegated to the primary motor cortex or basal ganglia. The present results illustrate how these neural structures may work together to ensure optimal motor performance and postural stability.…”

Section: Influence Of Temporal Pressure On Motor Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of temporal pressure constraint on the biomechanical organization of gait initiation made with or without an obstacle to clear

et al. 2015

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The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson's disease

Cited by 226 publications

References 61 publications

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex

Freezing of gait is associated with cortical thinning in mesial frontal cortex

Influence of temporal pressure constraint on the biomechanical organization of gait initiation made with or without an obstacle to clear

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