The Survival Advantage of Milk and Dairy Consumption: an Overview of Evidence from Cohort Studies of Vascular Diseases, Diabetes and Cancer

Elwood, Peter Creighton; Givens, Ian; Beswick, Andrew D; Fehily, A. M.; Pickering, Janet Elizabeth; Gallacher, John

doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719750

Cited by 156 publications

(123 citation statements)

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“…Gibson et al (2009) reviewed the evidence from cohort studies in relation to dairy foods and coronary heart disease (CHD) and concluded that there was no consistent evidence that dairy food consumption was associated with higher risk of CHD. Elwood et al (2008) reported on meta-analyses that examined the associations between milk and dairy products and health and survival. This used Cochrane systematic review methods that yielded 180 papers on milk/dairy products and heart disease, etc., 33 papers on milk and stroke and 111 on milk and diabetes.…”

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies were cited (Kinjo et al, 1999;Umesawa et al, 2006), which indicated that RR for both haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes were similar and both significantly less than 1.0. Elwood et al (2008) also examined four studies in which incident diabetes was the outcome, and RR in subjects with the highest intake of milk or dairy foods was 0.92 (95% CI 0.86, 0.97). This work has been extended to examine the evidence for the differential effects of milk, cheese and butter on the incidence of vascular disease (Elwood et al, 2010).…”

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such studies would need to be very long term, would be very costly and are not likely to be carried out. Accordingly, as concluded by Elwood et al (2008 and, the most valuable evidence on associations between milk and dairy products and health and survival will be provided by long-term prospective cohort studies. As such studies can only identify associations and cannot elucidate mechanisms, the same concerns have been raised in relation to the relationship between dietary fat type and CVD risk.…”

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This product is a combination of two tri-peptides composed of valine-proline-valine and isoleucine-proline-proline that claims to help maintain blood pressure in a healthy range (AmealPeptide, 2009). It is important to note that most of the epidemiological data available for the meta-analysis of Elwood et al (2008) related to liquid milk consumption rather than dairy products. In addition, in the Rotterdam Study (Engberink et al, 2009), the reducing effects on blood pressure were considerably greater with milk and low-fat dairy products than for cheese and high-fat dairy products.…”

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further studies are urgently needed to confirm this and to clarify the effects of cheese, butter and other high-fat dairy products. Elwood et al (2008) also reviewed the data on milk/dairy product consumption and cancer as provided in the report of the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF, 2007). In a metaanalysis of 10 cohort studies involving 534 536 subjects and 4992 cases of colorectal cancer, the highest milk intake group had an RR of 0.78 (95% CI 0.69, 0.88) compared with the lowest intake group.…”

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Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health?

Givens

2010

Animal

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Foods derived from animals are an important source of nutrients in the diet but there is considerable uncertainty about whether or not these foods contribute to increased risk of various chronic diseases. For milk in particular there appears to be an enormous mismatch between both the advice given on milk/dairy foods items by various authorities and public perceptions of harm from the consumption of milk and dairy products, and the evidence from long-term prospective cohort studies. Such studies provide convincing evidence that increased consumption of milk can lead to reductions in the risk of vascular disease and possibly some cancers and of an overall survival advantage from the consumption of milk, although the relative effect of milk products is unclear. Accordingly, simply reducing milk consumption in order to reduce saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake is not likely to produce benefits overall though the production of dairy products with reduced SFA contents is likely to be helpful. For red meat there is no evidence of increased risk of vascular diseases though processed meat appears to increase the risk substantially. There is still conflicting and inconsistent evidence on the relationship between consumption of red meat and the development of colorectal cancer, but this topic should not be ignored. Likewise, the role of poultry meat and its products as sources of dietary fat and fatty acids is not fully clear. There is concern about the likely increase in the prevalence of dementia but there are few data on the possible benefits or risks from milk and meat consumption. The future role of animal nutrition in creating foods closer to the optimum composition for long-term human health will be increasingly important. Overall, the case for increased milk consumption seems convincing, although the case for high-fat dairy products and red meat is not. Processed meat products do seem to have negative effects on long-term health and although more research is required, these effects do need to be put into the context of other risk factors to long-term health such as obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption.Keywords: milk, meat, chronic disease, animal nutrition ImplicationsIncreasing obesity and an ageing population increase the risk of chronic disease and its associated financial cost substantially. Diet is a modifier of risk and since milk, meat and their products are staple components of most Western diets, it is very important to understand whether these foods increase or decrease the risk of chronic disease. Milk appears to provide some worthwhile reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer and while this needs further understanding, the implications for milk production and milk consumers are potentially very substantial. There remains uncertainty about the effects of red meat and processed meat in the diet and these need urgent clarification both for the consumer and the producer. IntroductionPublic health nutrition is facing multiple and major challenges. In particular, there are three m...

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Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Milk Dairy Products and Chronic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health?

Givens

2010

Animal

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Dairy Fat: Perceptions and Realities

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Givens

Bauman

2014

Milk and Dairy Products as Functional Foods

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Dietary influences on tissue concentrations of phytanic acid and AMACR expression in the benign human prostate

et al. 2014

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BACKGROUND Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is an enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism that is markedly over-expressed in virtually all prostate cancers (PCa), relative to benign tissue. One of AMACR’s primary substrates, phytanic acid, is derived predominately from red meat and dairy product consumption. Epidemiological evidence suggests links between dairy/red meat intake, as well as phytanic acid levels, and elevated PCa risk. This study investigates the relationships among dietary intake, serum and tissue concentrations of phytanic acid, and AMACR expression (mRNA and protein) in the histologically benign human prostate. METHODS Men undergoing radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localized disease provided a food frequency questionnaire (n = 68), fasting blood (n = 35), benign fresh frozen prostate tissue (n = 26), and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections (n = 67). Serum and tissue phytanic acid concentrations were obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We extracted RNA from epithelial cells using laser capture microdissection and quantified mRNA expression of AMACR and other genes involved in the peroxisomal phytanic acid metabolism pathway via qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry for AMACR was performed on FFPE sections and subsequently quantified via digital image analysis. Associations between diet, serum, and tissue phytanic acid levels, as well as AMACR and other gene expression levels were assessed by partial Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS High-fat dairy intake was the strongest predictor of circulating phytanic acid concentrations (r = 0.35, P = 0.04). Tissue phytanic acid concentrations were not associated with any dietary sources and were only weakly correlated with serum levels (r = 0.29, P = 0.15). AMACR gene expression was not associated with serum phytanic acid (r = 0.13, P = 0.47), prostatic phytanic acid concentrations (r = 0.03, P = 0.88), or AMACR protein expression (r = −0.16, P = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS Our data underscore the complexity of the relationship between AMACR and its substrates and do not support the unifying hypothesis that excess levels of dietary phytanic acid are responsible for both the overexpression of AMACR in prostate cancer and the potential association between PCa risk and intake of dairy foods and red meat.

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The Survival Advantage of Milk and Dairy Consumption: an Overview of Evidence from Cohort Studies of Vascular Diseases, Diabetes and Cancer

Abstract: Set against the proportion of total deaths attributable to the life-threatening diseases in the UK, vascular disease, diabetes and cancer, the results of meta-analyses provide evidence of an overall survival advantage from the consumption of milk and dairy foods.

Cited by 156 publications

References 54 publications

Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health?

Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health?

Dairy Fat: Perceptions and Realities

Dietary influences on tissue concentrations of phytanic acid and AMACR expression in the benign human prostate

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