The sustainability dilemma of China’s township and village enterprises: an analysis from spatial and functional perspectives

Building new countryside in China: A geographical perspective

“…However, such a successful story and optimistic view had changed tone since 1997, seemingly from the robust boom to a deep recession (Zhao and Wong, 2002). Zhao and Wong (2002) argue that the recession is inevitable due to the dysfunctional nature created by TVEs in the rural sector. That is, farmers simultaneously perform two different functions: agriculture and industry, both of which should be functionally and spatially separated.…”

Assessing the fragmentation of construction land in urban areas: An index method and case study in Shunde, China

“…Since the 1980s, as the benefits of rural land development for industrial purposes have continually accumulated, rural enterprises have continued to play a dominant role in the local economy (Long et al, 2009;Rozelle et al, 2002;Zhao and Wong, 2002). Different levels of governments in Shunde have tended to pursue their own land development interests with little hierarchical coordination.…”

Industrial development and land use/cover change and their effects on local environment: a case study of Changshu in eastern coastal China

“…In the second phase from 1996 to 2000, the majority of TVEs in Sunan experienced a tough period of transformation from a collective ownership to a shareholding system or private ownership [39,40]. During this period, the entire region suffered a short-term delay of economic development [40,41]. In the third phase since 2001, the positive effects of TVEs transformation on its economy began to emerge and continued gradually due to the new vitality for rural industries motivated by private enterprises and foreign investment enterprises.…”