The Sustainability of Tourism: Global Comparative Evidence

Abstract

This study investigated the sustainability of global tourism in 163 countries for the period 2010 to 2015. Given the richness of the dataset, the data has been decomposed into 11 fundamental characteristics based on income levels, legal origins and openness to the sea. The empirical evidence was based on Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). Three main hypotheses were tested from which three broad findings were established. First, Hypothesis 1 is overwhelmingly valid because persistence in tourist arrivals is consistently an increasing function of income levels. Hypothesis 2 is not valid because French civil law countries are associated with comparatively higher levels of persistence in tourist arrivals. Hypothesis 3 is invalid because landlocked countries reflect higher levels of tourism persistence.

Exploring the Role of Norms and Habit in Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior Intentions in Situations of Use Robots and AI Agents as Providers in Tourism Sector

“…This trend appears as an opposition to traditional mass approaches generated by tourism development and promotes the immersion of tourists in a more authentic type of tourism in harmony between visitors, the environment and residents [62], the practice of activities with no emission of gases and pollution [63]-together with the search for solutions to alleviate as much as possible all tourist activities that imply saturation-and negative impact on the destination, preventing disturbance in the wildlife, flora, fauna [64] and population. Therefore, we can argue that pro-environmental behavior in tourism and hospitality has had growing importance over the past few years and has even become a hot topic among scholars and tourism managers [6].…”

Tourism Development and Income Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Governance Matter?

“…Specifically, the GMM strategy used in the study is an extension by Roodman (2009a, 2009b); of Arellano and Bover (1995). The motivation for using this approach is consistent with contemporary literature, which has found that the approach takes into account cross-sectional dependence and instrument proliferation (Asongu and Odhiambo 2019a; Tchamyou, Asongu, and Odhiambo 2019). Third, this may be the first study of its kind to examine in detail the relationship between tourism and income inequality in SSA countries and whether good governance modulates the tourism-inequality nexus.…”

“…Based on previous empirical studies, the gmmstyle procedure has been used in this study to estimate the predetermined variables suspected to be endogenous, while the “ivstyle” – “iv (years, eq (diff))” procedure is used for treating time-invariant omitted variables (see Asongu and Nwachukwu 2016; Asongu and Odhiambo 2019b). This is mainly because it is unlikely for years or time-invariant omitted variables to become endogenous in difference (see Roodman 2009b).…”

Remittance inflows and financial development in Sub-Saharan African countries: Does governance matter?

“…In line with Asongu and Odhiambo [ [41] , [42] , [43] ] and Odhiambo [ 39 ], the model used in the current study can be expressed as follows:…”