Molecular oxygen
and hydrogen can be obtained from the water-splitting
process through the electrolysis technique. However, harnessing energy
is very challenging in this way due to the involvement of the 4e– reaction pathway, which is associated with a substantial
amount of reaction barrier. After the report of the first N-doped
graphene acting as an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst, the scientific
community set out on exploring more reliable doping materials, better
material engineering techniques, and developing computational models
to explain the interfacial reactions. In this study, we modeled the
graphene surface with four different nonmetal doping atoms N, B, P,
and S individually by replacing a carbon atom from one of the graphitic
positions. We report the mechanism of the complete catalytic cycle
for each of the doped surfaces by the doping atom. The energy barriers
for individual steps were explored using the biased first-principles
molecular dynamics simulations to overcome the high reaction barrier.
We explain the active sites and provide a comparison between the activation
energy obtained by the application of two computational methods. Observing
the rate-determining step, that is, oxo–oxo bond formation,
S-doped graphene is the most effective. In contrast, N-doped graphene
seems to be the least useful for oxygen evolution catalysis compared
to the undoped graphene surface. B-doped graphene and P-doped graphene
have an equivalent impact on the catalytic cycle.