This paper aims at answering the question of how to design a theoretically sound corporate sustainability assessment (CSA) method that can strengthen the ability of manufacturing companies to contribute to global sustainable development (SD). In our effort to answer this question, we conduct a case study to test a newly designed CSA method to develop assessment tools for each of four different case companies. The method combines criteria-based indicators development with qualitative system dynamics modeling based on mental models of decision-makers. This strategy ensures a holistic approach to what corporate sustainability and sustainable manufacturing are. The paper is intended to serve, first of all, as a practical guide to the development of CSA tools. The scientific value of the method is discussed in terms of how it assists in the development of a tool that provides the potential to overcome shortcomings of existing approaches to sustainability assessment and to embrace the complexity of the sustainability concept. From the case study results, we demonstrate the capability of the new method by showing how it satisfies scientific requirements to sustainability assessment and fulfills functions of CSA. We also show how it may overcome some of the observed limitations of existing CSA tools.Sustainability 2018, 10, 4121 2 of 40 nature of conducting sustainability assessments by the private sector can potentially lead to selective interpretation and reporting of sustainability performance outcomes, increasing the danger of greenwashing. There is also a necessity to extend the scope of such assessments beyond a company's internal performance indicators toward external data on sustainable development trends, risks, and opportunities [20]. Despite these recommendations, the success of the existing efforts is argued to be very limited [21] due to the fact that research on how to translate social and environmental boundaries into contextually-based measures of sustainable development is still in an embryonic stage (ibid). Thus, the translation of societal-level indicators to a corporate context remains one of the most significant challenges in the operationalization of SDGs in the business world. It has been argued that strategically mindful firms with a solid corporate philosophy that values environmentalism are more willing to practice corporate sustainability [22], which is driven by the corporate sustainability strategy [23].Research about corporate sustainability assessment is still dominated by neoclassical thinking that implies the use of the so-called paradigm of rational and objective knowledge [24]. Therefore, many of the currently prevailing assessment tools are quite technocratic and deterministic by nature, with characteristics of their techno-rational roots and a high level of engineering. Such tools are often considered to be 'truth machines', with the ability to deterministically predict the behaviour of systems in the future. The technocratic approach has resulted in significant limitations of CSA as ...