The Symmetry Energy from the Neutron-Rich Nucleus Produced in the Intermediate-Energy
                    <sup>40,48</sup>
                    Ca and
                    <sup>58,64</sup>
                    Ni Projectile Fragmentation

Ma, Chun-Wang; Pu, Jie; Wang, Shanshan; Wei, Hui-Ling

doi:10.1088/0256-307x/29/6/062101

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In works using the yield of a fragment to constrain the binding energy, for example, in the study of the symmetry energy of fragments, it is proposed that the isobaric yield ratio cancels out the energy term which only depends on the mass of fragment, thus the specific energy term can be extracted [34,35]. But the shortcoming of this method is that the coefficient of energy term and T cannot be separated, thus they must be viewed as whole parameters, for example, in the study of the symmetry-energy coefficients to T (a sym /T ) of the neutron-rich nucleus [34,[36][37][38]. If the binding energy of fragment at nonzero T is known, the yield of a fragment can also be used to determine T .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature determined by isobaric yield ratios in heavy-ion collisions

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. C

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Background: Temperature (T ) in heavy-ion collisions is an important parameter. Previously, many works have focused on the temperature of the hot emitting source. But there are few systematic studies of the temperature among heavy fragments in peripheral collisions with incident energies near the Fermi energy to a few A GeV, though it is very important to study the property of neutron-rich nucleus in heavy-ion collisions.Purpose: This work focuses on the study of temperature associated with the final heavy fragments in reactions induced by both the neutron-proton symmetric and the neutron-rich projectiles, and with incident energy ranges from 60A MeV to 1A GeV. Methods: Isobaric yield ratio (IYR) is used to determine the temperature of heavy fragments. Cross sections of measured fragments in reactions are analyzed, and a modified statistical abrasion-ablation (SAA) model is used to calculate the yield of fragment in 140A MeV 64 Ni + 9 Be and 1A GeV 136 Xe + 208 Pb reactions. Results: Relatively low T of heavy fragments are obtained in different reactions (T ranges from 1 to 3 MeV). T is also found to depend on the neutron richness of the projectile. The incident energy affects T very little.μ/T (the ratio of the difference between the chemical potential of neutron and proton to temperature) is found to increase linearly as N/Z of projectile increases. It is found that T of the 48 Ca reaction, for which IYRs are A < 50 isobars, is affected greatly by the temperature-corrected B(T ). But T of reactions using IYRs of heavier fragments are only slightly affected by the temperature-corrected B(T ). The SAA model analysis gives a consistent overview of the results extracted in this work. Conclusions: T from IYR, which is for secondary fragments, is different from that of the hot emitting source. T and μ are essentially governed by the sequential decay process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature determined by isobaric yield ratios in heavy-ion collisions

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. C

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“…In isobaric yield ratio, many terms in σ (A, I) are canceled out and useful information can be obtained [14,15,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The system dependent parameters in σ (A, I), such as C A τ and const., disappear in the difference between the In( A, I) of isobars, which becomes,…”

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confidence: 99%

Isobaric yield ratio difference and Shannon information entropy

Wei

Wang

et al. 2015

Physics Letters B

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The Shannon information entropy theory is used to explain the recently proposed isobaric yield ratio difference (IBD) probe which aims to determine the nuclear symmetry energy. Theoretically, the difference between the Shannon uncertainties carried by isobars in two different reactions ( In 21 ), is found to be equivalent to the difference between the chemical potentials of protons and neutrons of the reactions [the IBD probe, IB-(βμ) 21 , with β the reverse temperature]. From the viewpoints of Shannon information entropy, the physical meaning of the above chemical potential difference is interpreted by In 21 as denoting the nuclear symmetry energy or density difference between neutrons and protons in reactions more concisely than from the statistical ablation-abrasion model.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP 3 .Nuclear matter with different density range from sub-saturation to supra-saturation can be produced in heavy-ion collisions (HICs). Because of the difficulty to measure the nuclear density and nuclear symmetry energy directly, various probes have been proposed to study the nuclear property based on different models. The results of these probes differ from each other in different extent both theoretically and experimentally [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The entire process of HICs is dynamical, in which the nuclear matter experience the hot and high density state by violent compressing between projectile and target nuclei, and the dilute states in the process of system expanding. At last, the final residue fragments, which cease to emit particle anymore and are chemically frozen, are measured. Many probes to investigate the nuclear property in HICs are based on the yield of fragments [1,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].The Shannon information entropy, which was put forward by C.E. Shannon, is to measure the uncertainty in a random variable which quantifies the expected value of the information contained in a message [17]. The Shannon entropy tells the average unpredictability in a random variable, which is equivalent to its information content, and provides a constructive criterion for setting up probability distributions on the basis of partial knowledge, and leads to a type of statistical inference called as the maximumentropy estimate [18]. In the information communication, the

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“…A temperature-dependent parameterized free energy formula will also provide help, such as in the works of [138,139,140]. In a modified Fisher model, the free energy of fragment is parameterized as the Weiszäcker-Beth semiclassical mass formula with a density and temperature dependent coefficients [115,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148]. One can refer to the systematic comparison of thermodynamic models in Refs.…”

Section: Thermaldynamics and Statistical Models 321 Thermaldynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From isobars of mirror nuclei, ∆µ np can be extracted directly from the isobaric yield ratio in one reaction [115,146,147,148,280],…”

Section: Isobaric Scaling Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shannon information entropy in heavy-ion collisions

2018

Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

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104

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The general idea of information entropy provided by C.E. Shannon "hangs over everything we do" and can be applied to a great variety of problems once the connection between a distribution and the quantities of interest is found. The Shannon information entropy essentially quantify the information of a quantity with its specific distribution, for which the information entropy based methods have been deeply developed in many scientific areas including physics. The dynamical properties of heavy-ion collisions (HICs) process make it difficult and complex to study the nuclear matter and its evolution, for which Shannon information entropy theory can provide new methods and observables to understand the physical phenomena both theoretically and experimentally. To better understand the processes of HICs, the main characteristics of typical models, including the quantum molecular dynamics models, thermodynamics models, and statistical models, etc, are briefly introduced. The typical applications of Shannon information theory in HICs are collected, which cover the chaotic behavior in branching process of hadron collisions, the liquid-gas phase transition in HICs, and the isobaric difference scaling phenomenon for intermediate mass fragments produced in HICs of neutron-rich systems. Even though the present applications in heavy-ion collision physics are still relatively simple, it would shed light on key questions we are seeking for. It is suggested to further develop the information entropy methods in nuclear reactions models, as well as to develop new analysis methods to study the properties of nuclear matters in HICs, especially the evolution of dynamics system.

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The Symmetry Energy from the Neutron-Rich Nucleus Produced in the Intermediate-Energy ^40,48 Ca and ^58,64 Ni Projectile Fragmentation

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Temperature determined by isobaric yield ratios in heavy-ion collisions

Temperature determined by isobaric yield ratios in heavy-ion collisions

Isobaric yield ratio difference and Shannon information entropy

Shannon information entropy in heavy-ion collisions

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The Symmetry Energy from the Neutron-Rich Nucleus Produced in the Intermediate-Energy 40,48 Ca and 58,64 Ni Projectile Fragmentation

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Temperature determined by isobaric yield ratios in heavy-ion collisions

Temperature determined by isobaric yield ratios in heavy-ion collisions

Isobaric yield ratio difference and Shannon information entropy

Shannon information entropy in heavy-ion collisions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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The Symmetry Energy from the Neutron-Rich Nucleus Produced in the Intermediate-Energy ^40,48 Ca and ^58,64 Ni Projectile Fragmentation