The sympathies of the body: functional organization and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system

Abstract

During the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.

Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract

“…Phox2b and Hand2 are necessary for maintaining noradrenergic properties, whereas Gata3 is required for the survival of differentiated noradrenergic neurons (Coppola et al, 2010; Schmidt et al, 2009; Tsarovina et al, 2010). RET tyrosine kinase (Trk) activity is important for the maintenance of cholinergic properties during embryogenesis, but not for their primary induction (Apostolova & Dechant, 2009; Burau et al, 2004; Ernsberger et al, 2021; Furlan et al, 2013).…”

“…Thereafter, the differentiation process begins, which reduces the synthesis of noradrenergic or cholinergic transmitters in separate sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Target‐derived signals work together with cell‐intrinsic factors and preganglionic input or glia‐derived factors to provide diversity in sympathetic neuron populations (Apostolova & Dechant, 2009; Cane & Anderson, 2009; Ernsberger et al, 2021; Scott‐Solomon et al, 2021).…”

“…The current work is based on a number of previous outstanding reviews that cover the anatomy of gut innervation (Lomax et al, 2010; Szurszewski, 1981; Szurszewski & Linden, 2012) and some aspects of sympathetic neuron development (Apostolova & Dechant, 2009; Cane & Anderson, 2009; Chan et al, 2018; Ernsberger et al, 2020, 2021; Glebova & Ginty, 2005; Rohrer, 2011; Scott‐Solomon et al, 2021). There is an abundance of data regarding the mechanisms controlling the migration of sympathetic precursors, the differentiation during development, and the transcriptional factors controlling the development of sympathetic neurons.…”

“…The current work is based on a number of previous outstanding reviews that cover the anatomy of gut innervation (Lomax et al, 2010;Szurszewski, 1981;Szurszewski & Linden, 2012) and some aspects of sympathetic neuron development (Apostolova & Dechant, 2009;Cane & Anderson, 2009;Chan et al, 2018;Ernsberger et al, 2020Ernsberger et al, , 2021Glebova & Ginty, 2005;Rohrer, 2011;Scott-Solomon et al, 2021). There is an abundance of data regarding the Abbreviations: Ascl1, achaete-scute complex-like 1; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; CART, cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript; CB, calbindin; CG, celiac ganglion; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; DBH, dopamine beta-hydroxylase; E, embryonic day; ENK, enkephalin; GAL, galanin; HMX1, TF homeobox protein 1; IMG, inferior mesenteric ganglion; Insm1, insulinoma-associated protein 1; IR, immunoreactive; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; NPY, neuropeptide Y; NT, neurotrophin; PG, paravertebral ganglia; SMG, superior mesenteric ganglion; SOM, somatostatin; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; Trk, tyrosine kinase; VAChT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.…”

Controls of Central and Peripheral Blood Pressure and Hemorrhagic/Hypovolemic Shock

“…All these physiological changes are required to occur together in a highly synchronized manner involving activities of multiple organs at the same time for execution of a successful "fight or flight" response. These responses of sympathetic division are possible due to a wide diversion of the sympathetic nerve projections, which enable each preganglionic neuron to influence different regions of the sympathetic system very broadly by acting on widely distributed organs throughout the body [64][65][66]. Parasympathetic division -It is named parasympathetic because the central neurons of this division are located on either side of the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.…”