The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III

Bietak, Manfred; Czerny, Ernst

doi:10.1553/0x0007eada

Cited by 45 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…They also demonstrate that the absolute position of the Egyptian chronology during the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE is correct. Clearly, any radical shifts in Egyptian chronology, as have been seemingly noted in the past (Bietak and Höflmayer 2007: 14, Figure 1) find no support in the 14 C data presented here or previously (Bronk Ramsey et al 2010). In addition, the upper bound of the probability distribution (1886 BCE) shows that the true date cannot be much higher than that posited by the highest estimate.…”

Section: Results and Interpretationcontrasting

confidence: 61%

Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum

et al. 2016

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Papyri 10012A and 10012B from Illahun, Egypt, provide the earliest astro-chronological datum in history and, while calculated to various years in the 19th century BCE, have never been independently verified. As this datum enables the Middle Kingdom (MK) section of Egyptian historical chronology to be anchored in absolute time, it establishes the principal calendrical timeline for the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. AMS radiocarbon measurements of Papyrus 10012B establish its date range to 1886–1750 BCE, confirming the astronomical calculations and the essential reliability of Egyptian historical chronology for this period. Furthermore, all three leading estimates for the calendar year attribution of the document are supported by this analysis, with the role of a possible growing season effect determining which is most favored.

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Section: Results and Interpretationcontrasting

confidence: 61%

Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum

et al. 2016

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“…The Middle Bronze Age stratigraphic phases of Tell el-Dab c a and Ashkelon have been related to each other (Table 1) on the basis of ceramic studies (Bietak et al 2008). This stratigraphic linkage between the two sites enables evaluation whether the radiocarbon dating offset found for Tell el-Dab c a (Bietak and Höflmayer 2007; Kutschera et al 2012) is also present at Tel Ashkelon?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The date for the latter eruption is controversial. Studies about cultural archaeological associations with Egypt are usually understood to suggest a link between the Minoan Eruption and the 18th Dynasty around 1500 BCE (Doumas 1983; Bietak 2003, 2013, 2015, 2016; MacGillivray 2009; Warren 2009; Wiener 2009). However, radiocarbon dates of organic materials related stratigraphically to the time of the eruption favor a calibrated age range in the second half of the 17th century BCE (Bronk Ramsey et al 2004; Friedrich et al 2006; Friedrich and Heinemeier 2009; Manning 2014; Manning et al 2006, 2014; Bruins et al 2008, 2009; Bruins 2010; Bruins and van der Plicht 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the most important sites in Egypt in relation to the above controversy is Tell el-Dab c a, (Figure 1) excavated during many years by Bietak (1975, 2003, 2013, 2015, 2016). Seaborne pumice of the Minoan Santorini eruption has been found in phase C/2 in the Palace District ‘Ezbet Helmi (Bietak 2003; Bichler et al 2003; Bietak and Höflmayer 2007). Radiocarbon dates on charcoal were not useful (Bruins 2007), but short-lived material (seeds) from Tell el-Dab c a gave important results, showing an offset of about 120 years between archaeo-historical ages and 14 C dating (Kutschera et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Minoan Santorini Eruption and its¹⁴C Position in Archaeological Strata: Preliminary Comparison Between Ashkelon and Tell El-Dab^ca

Bruins

Plicht

2017

Radiocarbon

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The volcanic mega event of the Minoan Santorini eruption constitutes a time anchor in the 2nd millennium BCE that is inherently independent of archaeology and political history. It was a geological event. Yet the dimension of time in geology is not different than in archaeology or human history. Why then does archaeological dating usually place the Minoan Santorini eruption in the 18th Dynasty around 1500 BCE, whilst radiocarbon dating of the volcanic event at Akrotiri (Thera) yielded a calibrated age of 1646–1603 cal BCE, a difference of more than a century? The crux of the problem lies apparently in the correlation between archaeological strata and political history. We present radiocarbon dates of Ashkelon Phases 10 and 11 in comparison to Tell el-Dabca and the Santorini eruption, based only on14C dating. Tell el-Dabca Phase D/2 is slightly older than the volcanic event. But Phase D/1 or Phase C/2-3 could have witnessed the eruption. Ashkelon Phase 11 has similar radiocarbon dates as Tell el-Dabca Phases E/2, E/1 and D/3, all being significantly older than the Minoan eruption. It seems that the duration of Ashkelon Phase 10 includes the temporal occurrence of the Minoan Santorini eruption within the Second Intermediate Period.

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Archaeology and the Ancient Near East

Gates¹

2020

A Companion to the Ancient Near East

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The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum

Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum

The Minoan Santorini Eruption and its¹⁴C Position in Archaeological Strata: Preliminary Comparison Between Ashkelon and Tell El-Dab^ca

Archaeology and the Ancient Near East

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The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III

Cited by 45 publications

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Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum

Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum

The Minoan Santorini Eruption and its14C Position in Archaeological Strata: Preliminary Comparison Between Ashkelon and Tell El-Dabca

Archaeology and the Ancient Near East

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The Minoan Santorini Eruption and its¹⁴C Position in Archaeological Strata: Preliminary Comparison Between Ashkelon and Tell El-Dab^ca