The synergistic actions of hydrolytic genes reveal the mechanism of Trichoderma harzianum for cellulose degradation

Almeida, Déborah Aires; Horta, Maria Augusta Crivelente; Filho, Jaire Alves Ferreira; Murad, Natália Faraj; Souza, Anete Pereira de

doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.05.001

Cited by 17 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…We observed that each network had a different configuration with distinct module profiles of XYR1 and CRE1, providing insight into how these TFs might act in specific ways in different Trichoderma species. These functional differences in the xyr1 and cre1 groups can be attributed to previously reported differences in the regulatory mechanisms of hydrolysis (Almeida et al, 2021). By analyzing both groups, we observed that more transcripts were coexpressed with XYR1 in the T. harzianum strains than T. atroviride, which had more transcripts coexpressed with CRE1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Previously, the transcriptomes of T. harzianum IOC-3844 (Th3844), T. harzianum CBMAI-0179 (Th0179), and T. atroviride CBMAI-0020 (Ta0020) were investigated under cellulose degradation conditions ( Almeida et al, 2021 ). Different types of enzymatic profiles were reported, and both T. harzianum strains had higher cellulase activity than T. atroviride .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Network Analysis Reveals Different Cellulose Degradation Strategies Across Trichoderma harzianum Strains Associated With XYR1 and CRE1

et al. 2022

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Trichoderma harzianum, whose gene expression is tightly controlled by the transcription factors (TFs) XYR1 and CRE1, is a potential candidate for hydrolytic enzyme production. Here, we performed a network analysis of T. harzianum IOC-3844 and T. harzianum CBMAI-0179 to explore how the regulation of these TFs varies between these strains. In addition, we explored the evolutionary relationships of XYR1 and CRE1 protein sequences among Trichoderma spp. The results of the T. harzianum strains were compared with those of Trichoderma atroviride CBMAI-0020, a mycoparasitic species. Although transcripts encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), TFs, transporters, and proteins with unknown functions were coexpressed with cre1 or xyr1, other proteins indirectly related to cellulose degradation were identified. The enriched GO terms describing the transcripts of these groups differed across all strains, and several metabolic pathways with high similarity between both regulators but strain-specific differences were identified. In addition, the CRE1 and XYR1 subnetworks presented different topology profiles in each strain, likely indicating differences in the influences of these regulators according to the fungi. The hubs of the cre1 and xyr1 groups included transcripts not yet characterized or described as being related to cellulose degradation. The first-neighbor analyses confirmed the results of the profile of the coexpressed transcripts in cre1 and xyr1. The analyses of the shortest paths revealed that CAZymes upregulated under cellulose degradation conditions are most closely related to both regulators, and new targets between such signaling pathways were discovered. Although the evaluated T. harzianum strains are phylogenetically close and their amino acid sequences related to XYR1 and CRE1 are very similar, the set of transcripts related to xyr1 and cre1 differed, suggesting that each T. harzianum strain used a specific regulation strategy for cellulose degradation. More interestingly, our findings may suggest that XYR1 and CRE1 indirectly regulate genes encoding proteins related to cellulose degradation in the evaluated T. harzianum strains. An improved understanding of the basic biology of fungi during the cellulose degradation process can contribute to the use of their enzymes in several biotechnological applications and pave the way for further studies on the differences across strains of the same species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Analysis Reveals Different Cellulose Degradation Strategies Across Trichoderma harzianum Strains Associated With XYR1 and CRE1

et al. 2022

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“…Similar results were obtained by coating sweet pepper seeds with T. viride, T. polysporhum, T. stromaticum, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [12]. It should be noted that Trichoderma produces and secretes a wide range of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading plant cell walls; if applied in in high doses, it can therefore attack the seed tegument, damaging it and causing a reduction in germination and plant growth [67,68]. Carrot and onion seeds primed with beneficial microorganisms (Clonostachys rosea, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, T. harzianum, and T. viride) were sown in glasshouse experiments and displayed improved emergence of treated carrot seeds and a better emergence time for C. rosea coating treatment [69] (Table 5).…”

Section: Other Horticultural Speciessupporting

confidence: 70%

Seed Treatments with Microorganisms Can Have a Biostimulant Effect by Influencing Germination and Seedling Growth of Crops

Cardarelli

Woo

Rouphael

et al. 2022

Plants

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Seed quality is an important aspect of the modern cultivation strategies since uniform germination and high seedling vigor contribute to successful establishment and crop performance. To enhance germination, beneficial microbes belonging to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma spp., rhizobia and other bacteria can be applied to seeds before sowing via coating or priming treatments. Their presence establishes early relationships with plants, leading to biostimulant effects such as plant-growth enhancement, increased nutrient uptake, and improved plant resilience to abiotic stress. This review aims to highlight the most significant results obtained for wheat, maize, rice, soybean, canola, sunflower, tomato, and other horticultural species. Beneficial microorganism treatments increased plant germination, seedling vigor, and biomass, as well as overcoming seed-related limitations (such as abiotic stress), both during and after emergence. The results are generally positive, but variable, so more scientific information needs to be acquired for different crops and cultivation techniques, with considerations to different beneficial microbes (species and strains) and under variable climate conditions to understand the effects of seed treatments.

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“…Recently, different types of enzymatic profiles across Trichoderma species were reported, and Th3844 and Th0179, which have hydrolytic potential, have higher cellulase activity during growth on cellulose than Ta0020 (Almeida et al, 2021). Because such diversity in enzyme response might be affected by the specific functionalities of regulatory proteins and evolutionary divergence between XYR1 and CRE1 has been reported (Klaubauf et al, 2014;Benocci et al, 2017), we aimed to investigate how both TFs could affect transcripts' activities in response to cellulose degradation in T. harzianum strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Analysis Reveals Different Cellulose Degradation Strategies acrossTrichoderma harzianumStrains Associated with XYR1 and CRE1

Rosolen¹,

Aono²,

Almeida³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Trichoderma species have attracted attention as alternative plant polysaccharide-degrading enzyme sources, among other reasons. Most Trichoderma spp., such as Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma harzianum, are described as mycoparasitic fungi and are widely used in agriculture as biocontrol agents. T. harzianum is also a potential candidate for hydrolytic enzyme production in which gene expression is tightly controlled. Thus, a better understanding of transcriptional regulation related to the main activator (XYR1) and repressor (CRE1) of cellulases and hemicellulases is necessary. Herein, we explore the genetic mechanisms of the key regulators of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes by inferring a gene coexpression network for T. harzianum (IOC-3844 and CBMAI-0179) and, for comparative purposes, for T. atroviride CBMAI-0020.Results: Phylogenetic analysis indicated that both regulatory proteins are widely distributed among ascomycete fungi and suggested how T. atroviride is differentiated from T. harzianum. The coexpression network analyses separated the transcripts into several groups according to the expression profile during growth in cellulose or glucose.Groups with xyr1 or cre1 were identified, and within them, transcripts encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), TFs, sugar and ion transporters, and proteins with unknown function were coexpressed. However, qualitative and quantitative differences among groups and strains were observed. Core transcripts from these groups (hubs) were identified, and they included transcripts not yet characterized or described as related to cellulose degradation. Several metabolic pathways triggered were recognized with high similarity between both regulators during cellulose degradation, but they differed according to the strains. An enrichment related to mycoparasitism in T. atroviride, especially that associated with CRE1, was observed. It was also noticed that the transcripts encoding CAZymes related to polysaccharide degradation in T.harzianum are not necessarily coexpressed with the TFs studied herein. Conclusion: Our results suggest that different strategies related to XYR1 and CRE1 are used by Trichoderma spp. during cellulose degradation and provide new insights into transcripts coexpressed with both TFs in T. harzianum. This knowledge can be exploited to improve the understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in hydrolytic enzyme regulation, expanding the potential of T. harzianum use in several industrial applications. 3 Due to the expanding population and industrialization, the demand for energy is increasing throughout the world. Currently, the primary energy source is fossil fuels, i.e., nonrenewable sources such as natural gas, oil, and coal [1]. To reduce the dependency on these finite resources, the development of new sustainable alternatives has become critical. In this context, increasing attention has been given to the development of biofuels from biomass [2, 3]. The United States and Brazil are the world's largest bioet...

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The synergistic actions of hydrolytic genes reveal the mechanism of Trichoderma harzianum for cellulose degradation

Cited by 17 publications

References 56 publications

Network Analysis Reveals Different Cellulose Degradation Strategies Across Trichoderma harzianum Strains Associated With XYR1 and CRE1

Network Analysis Reveals Different Cellulose Degradation Strategies Across Trichoderma harzianum Strains Associated With XYR1 and CRE1

Seed Treatments with Microorganisms Can Have a Biostimulant Effect by Influencing Germination and Seedling Growth of Crops

Network Analysis Reveals Different Cellulose Degradation Strategies acrossTrichoderma harzianumStrains Associated with XYR1 and CRE1

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