The Synthesis and Characterization of Fullerene Hydrides

Abstract

The syntheses and characterization of fullerene hydrides prepared from C 60 and C 70 are reviewed. Methods of isolation and characterization are discussed, particularly MS and NMR, including 3 He nuclear magnetic resonance spectro-

Hydrogenation of C60 at 2GPa pressure and high temperature

“…Experimental data confirm that more than one isomer is typically present and that the particular isomeric composition of C 60 H 36 depends on the synthesis method [11,19,20]. Mass spectral analysis of products from different hydrogenation reactions also reveals the presence of several hydrofulleride species with higher hydrogen content, such as C 60 H 38 , C 60 H 40 , and C 60 H 52 , [21][22][23] but only as minor fractions.…”

Gas phase fullerene anions hydrogenation by methanol followed by IRMPA dehydrogenation

“…The synthetic approaches reported and leading to the formation of fullerene hydrides include the Birch reduction [11,15,16], the Benkeser reduction [17], polyamine reduction [18,19], reduction by diimides [20], hydroboration [21,22], hydrogen transfer reduction [7,11,23,24], photoreduction [25], transition-metal catalyzed hydrogenation [26 -28], zincconcentrated hydrochloric acid reduction [9,29,30], Zn(Cu) reduction [31][32][33], hydrozirconation [34], hydrogen radical induced hydrogenation [35], electrochemical reduction [36 -38], sonication [39], direct reduction by hydrogen [27, 40 -43], and direct exposure to atomic hydrogen [44,45]. Typically involving extreme conditions, with temperatures of several hundred Kelvin, pressures about several mega Pascal, or condensed phase condition [7,15,21,22,46], they significantly differ from the hydrogenation conditions used here and leading to the addition of up to 11 H…”

Hydrogenation of Fullerene C60: Material Design of Organic Semiconductors by Computation

“…As predicted by Matsuzawa et al [51] from quantum-chemical calculations, two isomers, 1 from 1,2-addition and 5 from 1,4-addition, have been synthesized [35,39]. Furthermore, isomer 1 has been synthesized by many different methods [52].…”