The Synthesis of a Macro-initiator from Cellulose in a Zinc-Based Ionic Liquid

Abstract

The synthesis of a macro-initiator from cellulose in mixtures of zincbased ionic liquid and polar solvents including deep eutectic solvent, dimethylformamide, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was studied. The results of FTIR and NMR spectroscopies indicated that the cellulose-based macro-initiator can only be obtained in an inert ether solvent, THF. When the amounts of cellulose and zinc-based ionic liquid were fixed at 0.5 g and 18 mL, respectively, the degree of substitution of the cellulose-based macro-initiator obtained was increased from 11.0% to 17.4% as the reaction temperature was increased from room temperature to 40 o C, as calculated from TGA thermograms. When the amount of cellulose was cut in half, a degree of substitution of 27.5% was achieved due to lower viscosity and better homogeneity of the reaction medium. A green, new, and relatively cheap approach has been shown to be suitable for synthesizing a cellulose-based macro-initiator.

Cationic quaternization of cellulose with methacryloyloxy ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride via ATRP method

“…At higher temperatures, the METMA underwent two step weight losses that were at around 230 o C and 400 o C. The CiB-g-METMA, however, underwent three steps of degradation. The first step was at around 195 o C. This weight loss resulted from the degradation of the BiB groups [8]. The second and third weight losses were found at around 255 o C and 415 o C, which were higher than those of the degradation temperature of METMA.…”

“…The results of the MCC-BiB macro-initiator synthesis has been discussed thoroughly in our previous paper [8]. The results of the CiB-g-METMA copolymer synthesis were presented in TABLE (1).…”

“…In our previous works [8], the zinc based ionic liquid could be used to synthesize the macro-initiator from cellulose at ambient condition. It was used to synthesize the cationic copolymer of cellulose-graftmethacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method.…”

Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer Chemistry–A Review

“…In the last five years several research teams have published data focused on the purposeful pretreatment, modification, and dissolution of cellulose from the following sources: cotton linter pulp [98,99,100,101]; microcrystalline cellulose [100,101]; hardwood or softwood pulp [102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112]; Loblolly pine particles [113]; cellulose methyl carbamate [114]; recycled boxboard, milk containerboard, fluting board [103,109,115]. Cellulose nanocrystals or cellulose whiskers, and cellulose nanofibrils are species, which one dimension must be less than 100 nm.…”

Homogeneous esterification of cellulose in room temperature ionic liquids

“…Promisingly, cellulose‐based macro‐initiators, including cellulose 2‐bromoisobutyrylate, 2‐bromopropionate and chloroacetate, were successfully synthesized by direct homogeneous acylation of cellulose in AmimCl, BmimCl and zinc‐based ILs. Subsequently, well‐defined cellulose‐ graft ‐poly(methyl methacrylate), cellulose‐ graft ‐polystyrene, cellulose‐ graft ‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐ block ‐polystyrene, cellulose‐ graft ‐poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) and cellulose‐ graft ‐polyisoprene were synthesized in a grafting‐from approach by atom transfer radical polymerization, and cellulose‐ graft ‐poly( N , N ‐diethylacrylamide) and cellulose‐ graft ‐poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization.…”