The synthesis of graphene oxide covalently linked with nickel tetraamino phthalocyanine: A photoelectrochemical sensor for the analysis of rifampicin irradiated with blue light

Abstract

In this article, the fabrication and characterization of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) rifampicin sensor based on graphene oxide grafted with Ni tetraamino phthalocyanine was described, which presents an excellent PEC activity, sensitivity, and material stability. The synthesized graphene oxide grafted with Ni tetraamino phthalocyanine was characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Specifically, detection for rifampicin was based on the reduction of photocurrent caused by binding of the analyte to the sensing electrode surface. The fabricated sensor was characterized in a broad linear response range (0.025–71.3 μM) and with a low detection limit (2.5 nM), outperforming the previously reported sensors and thus being well suited for quality control and other applications, as confirmed by successful real‐life sample testing.

Ligand Engineering in Nickel Phthalocyanine to Boost the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2

“…Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy was used to further characterize the NiPc, NiTHPc, and NiTAPc owing to the substitute‐dependent optical response. As shown in Figure 2d, the substituted NiPc exhibits the characteristic Q band absorption at around 600–800 nm as well as the B band absorption, [ 41 ] without the absorption band of the nickel acetate (Figure S9, Supporting Information). Furthermore, the Q band absorption is attributed to the π → π* electron transition from the highest occupied molecular orbital to the LUMO of the phthalocyanine ring.…”

Substituent-induced electronic localization of nickel phthalocyanine with enhanced electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

“…As shown in Fig. 2c, the substituted NiPc exhibits the characteristic Q band absorption at around 600-800 nm and B band absorption, 36 without the absorption of nickel acetate ( Supplementary Fig. 4).…”

State of the Art on Developments of (Bio)Sensors and Analytical Methods for Rifamycin Antibiotics Determination

“…RIF and RSV ( Figure 1 ) are hydroquinone derivatives (−OH groups in positions 1 and 4, Figure 1 ) and possess a third phenolic −OH moiety (position 8), which can be chemically or electrochemically oxidized [ 40 ] at various solid bare electrodes (e.g., GCE [ 85 ], CPE [ 80 ] and the disposable PGE [ 84 ]) or modified sensors obtained at various substrates, such as GCE [ 28 , 29 , 32 , 37 , 45 , 52 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 85 , 90 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 121 ], SPE [ 36 , 53 , 115 ], CPE [ 21 , 26 , 80 , 88 , 116 , 117 ], ITO [ 118 ], Ag [ 55 ], Au [ 50 , 86 ] and Pt [ 119 , 120 ]. Most often, the electrodes were employed as sensing devices in voltammetric [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 36 , …”

“…In order to improve its selectivity and sensitivity, the sensor’s electroactive surface was chemically or electrochemically modified with one or more materials ( Table 1 ), leading to (1) an increased electroactive surface area [ 52 , 68 ] (e.g., the effective surface area of the DyNWs/CPE was approximately eight times larger than that of the bare CPE [ 116 ], that of the CoEnQ10/Fe 3 O 4 NPs/MWCNTs/GCE was about 3.3 fold as large as that of GCE [ 67 ] and bare GCE (0.068 cm 2 ) < MoSe 2 /GCE (0.102 cm 2 ) < rGO/β-CyD/GCE (0.138 cm 2 ) < MoSe 2 /rGO/β-CyD/GCE (0.214 cm 2 ) [ 37 ]) and (2) faster electron transfer by decreasing the charge transfer resistance [ 52 , 68 , 110 , 118 ] (e.g., GCE (368.94 Ω) > GMONRs/GCE (113.39 Ω) [ 31 ] or GCE (748.04 Ω) > MoSe 2 /GCE (354.58 Ω) > rGO/β-CyD/GCE (236.41 Ω) > MoSe 2 /rGO/β-CyD/GCE (105.02 Ω) [ 37 ]).…”

“…Graphene and its derivatives (GO and rGO) have also been frequently used as electrode modifiers due to their large surface area, high hydrophilicity and good mechanical strength [ 19 ]. For example, the RIF sensors MoSe 2 /rGO/β-CyD/GCE [ 37 ], CuO@rGO/GCE [ 52 ], TiO 2 /rGO/GCE [ 66 ] and NiTAPc-GO/ITO [ 118 ] were simply obtained by drop-casting a 2:1 ratio of MoSe 2 :rGO/β-CyD solution, the homogeneous CuO@rGO composite solution, an ethanolic solution of TiO 2 /rGO and Nafion and a NiTAPc-GO suspension in DMF, respectively, onto the corresponding substrate surface and drying in an oven [ 37 ] or at room temperature [ 52 , 66 , 118 ]. However, covering the substrate surface with different types of modifiers may involve more steps.…”