The synthesis of Lewis acid ZrO2 nanoparticles and their applications in phospholipid adsorption from Jatropha oil used for biofuel

The impact of phospholipids and phospholipid removal on bioanalytical method performance

“…It provides high selectivity for certain types of analytes (specific to each type of column), is fast, has the potential for automation to provide for large numbers of samples to be analyzed quickly, and requires small volumes of organic solvents (compared with LLE techniques). Zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) have both been shown useful in preferentially binding to PLs for removal from nonbiological matrices (Li et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2012) in addition to their use in biological matrix analysis. Many of the SPE columns available contain either Zr or Ti (most often bound to silica), which act as a Lewis acid causing the PL phosphate moiety, which acts as a Lewis base, to adsorb to the column (Calderon-Santiago et al, 2014;Ferreiro-Vera et al, 2012;Pucci et al, 2009).…”

“…Many of the SPE columns available contain either Zr or Ti (most often bound to silica), which act as a Lewis acid causing the PL phosphate moiety, which acts as a Lewis base, to adsorb to the column (Calderon-Santiago et al, 2014;Ferreiro-Vera et al, 2012;Pucci et al, 2009). Utilization of nanoparticles for this application has potential to improve PL retention vs the ZrO 2 powderbased products currently on the market (Li et al, 2013;Lin et al, 2012) owing to the greater surface area on which the PLs may adsorb. In an extensive study of PPT, LLE and SPE for the profiling of PLs in human serum, Ferreiro-Vera et al (2012 concluded that the combination of Hybrid SPE-PPT cartridges using methanol elution resulted in the highest selectivity and sensitivity for avoiding interference from PLs.…”

“…Formic acid is an important solvent for use in solid-phase extraction (SPE) when PLs are a concern (Bylda et al, 2014), so it stands to reason that it could be a useful solvent for clearing columns of adhered PLs. Of course any solvent used will need to be tailored to the individual characteristics of the matrix and analyte being tested, such as hydrophobic or hydrophilic character, pH or polarity, as well as taking into account the specific type of equipment and analysis such as ESI vs APCI, and the type of sample preparation such as protein precipitation (PPT), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supported liquid extraction (SLE) or SPE prior to HPLC-MS/MS for example (Brouwers, 2011;Bylda et al, 2014;Little et al, 2006).…”

“…Lytle et al (2000 experimented with using piperidine as a post-column modifier, which promoted deprotonation of the target PLs, thus making them easier to detect in negativemode ESI. Finally, many investigators choose to monitor the MS/MS ion transitions of specific PLs to account for their impact in analyte signal (Bylda et al, 2014;Ismaiel et al, 2010;Little et al, 2006;Schiller et al, 2002;Trufelli et al, 2011).…”

Study of the Synthesis of Some Biginelli-type Products Catalyzed by Nano-ZrO2

“…ZrO 2 nanoparticles are commercially available, inexpensive and a mild but very good Lewis acid [14]. Moreover ZrO 2 -pillared clay was used to synthesize some dihydropyrimidinones under microwave irradiation [15].…”