The synthesis of lipoteichoic acid carrier

Glaser, Luis; Lindsay, Barbara

doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80096-3

Cited by 67 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In Enterococccus hirae ATCC 9790, Gro-P moieties are added sequentially to the glycolipid acceptor, phosphatidylkojibiosyldiacylglycerol (176). This observation is consistent with the in vivo pulse-chase experiments that implicated phosphatidylglycerol as the donor of Gro-P units (147,185). On the other hand, the discovery of a series of oligophosphoglycerophospholipids derived from phosphatidylglycerol in Streptococcus sanguis suggested that these lipids may be intermediates in the assembly of LTA and that the mechanism of assembly may differ from that observed in E. hirae (92).…”

Section: Pathways Of Lta and Wta Biosynthesissupporting

confidence: 85%

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Neuhaus

Baddiley

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

908

1,097

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SUMMARY Teichoic acids (TAs) are major wall and membrane components of most gram-positive bacteria. With few exceptions, they are polymers of glycerol-phosphate or ribitol-phosphate to which are attached glycosyl and d-alanyl ester residues. Wall TA is attached to peptidoglycan via a linkage unit, whereas lipoteichoic acid is attached to glycolipid intercalated in the membrane. Together with peptidoglycan, these polymers make up a polyanionic matrix that functions in (i) cation homeostasis; (ii) trafficking of ions, nutrients, proteins, and antibiotics; (iii) regulation of autolysins; and (iv) presentation of envelope proteins. The esterification of TAs with d-alanyl esters provides a means of modulating the net anionic charge, determining the cationic binding capacity, and displaying cations in the wall. This review addresses the structures and functions of d-alanyl-TAs, the d-alanylation system encoded by the dlt operon, and the roles of TAs in cell growth. The importance of dlt in the physiology of many organisms is illustrated by the variety of mutant phenotypes. In addition, advances in our understanding of d-alanyl ester function in virulence and host-mediated responses have been made possible through targeted mutagenesis of dlt. Studies of the mechanism of d-alanylation have identified two potential targets of antibacterial action and provided possible screening reactions for designing novel agents targeted to d-alanyl-TA synthesis.

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Section: Pathways Of Lta and Wta Biosynthesissupporting

confidence: 85%

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Neuhaus

Baddiley

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

908

1,097

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“…It was initially assumed that type I LTA synthesis involves CDP-glycerol; however, in vivo pulse-labeling experiments revealed phosphatidylglycerol (PG) as a precursor for poly-(Gro-P) synthesis (66)(67)(68). Careful characterization of lipid extracts from enterococci suggested that sn-glycerol 1-phosphate (Gro-P)-containing phosphoglycolipids contribute to LTA synthesis (69).…”

Section: Early Insights Into the Synthesis Of Type I Ltamentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipoteichoic Acids, Phosphate-Containing Polymers in the Envelope of Gram-Positive Bacteria

2014

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“…Based on data from the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of LTA from radiolabeled precursors, a model was proposed whereby phosphatidyl glycerol is polymerized to generate the products polyglycerol phosphate and diacylglycerol (8,11,14). In agreement with this model, S. aureus LtaS, a polytopic membrane protein with an extracellular domain, is both necessary and sufficient for LTA synthesis from phosphatidyl glycerol (17).…”

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Synthesis of Lipoteichoic Acids in Bacillus anthracis

et al. 2012

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bLipoteichoic acid (LTA), a glycerol phosphate polymer, is a component of the envelope of Gram-positive bacteria that has hitherto not been identified in Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. LTA synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus and other microbes is catalyzed by the product of the ltaS gene, a membrane protein that polymerizes polyglycerol phosphate from phosphatidyl glycerol. Here we identified four ltaS homologues, designated ltaS1 to -4, in the genome of Bacillus anthracis. Polyglycerol phosphate-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to detect LTA in the envelope of B. anthracis strain Sterne (pXO1؊ ) vegetative forms. B. anthracis mutants lacking ltaS1, ltaS2, ltaS3, or ltaS4 did not display defects in growth or LTA synthesis. In contrast, B. anthracis strains lacking both ltaS1 and ltaS2 were unable to synthesize LTA and exhibited reduced viability, altered envelope morphology, aberrant separation of vegetative forms, and decreased sporulation efficiency. Expression of ltaS1 or ltaS2 alone in B. anthracis as well as in other microbes was sufficient for polyglycerol phosphate synthesis. Thus, similar to S. aureus, B. anthracis employs LtaS enzymes to synthesize LTA, an envelope component that promotes bacterial growth and cell division.

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The synthesis of lipoteichoic acid carrier

Cited by 67 publications

References 6 publications

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Lipoteichoic Acids, Phosphate-Containing Polymers in the Envelope of Gram-Positive Bacteria

Synthesis of Lipoteichoic Acids in Bacillus anthracis

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