“…However, all conceptualizations appear to converge upon the common definitional consensus that MKIS are management information systems (MIS) formulated specifically to support a firm's marketing strategy and decision-making (Mandal, 2018;Wahyuni & Lestari, 2020). Accordingly, the quintessential MIS contains four core components, namely, internal reporting systems that organize and collate a firm's internal records with immediate value to marketing decisions; marketing research systems, which 2 are constituted of monitoring and tracking exercises designed purposefully to address well-defined marketing problems; marketing intelligence systems consisted of data sources and procedures to extract decision-making information from the marketing environment; and, fourthly, marketing models that act as the mechanism for interpreting marketing intelligence for application to strategic marketing (Ashmarina & Zotova, 2016;Sigauke, 2019;Martell, 2018). MKIS are particularly necessary for contemporary organizations because these systems provide the most effective frameworks for monitoring changes within the external market environment, such as shifting factors of consumer behavior, industry competition, government policies, technology, and economic conditions (Perreault, 2018).…”