The taurine biosynthetic pathway of microalgae

Tevatia, Rahul; Allen, James W.; Rudrappa, Deepak; White, Derrick; Clemente, Thomas E.; Cerutti, Heriberto; Demi̇rel, Yaşar; Blum, Paul H.

doi:10.1016/j.algal.2015.02.012

Cited by 49 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Taurine, an amino sulfonic acid, has many biological roles in the cell, including bile acid chelation, osmoregulation, and membrane stabilization (Lambert et al, 2015). Taurine is widely produced by marine metazoans and some phytoplankton at intracellular concentrations that may exceed 200 mM (Visscher et al, 1999;Tevatia et al, 2015;Clifford et al, 2017). In the North Atlantic Ocean, taurine concentrations were ∼0.1-10 nM in epipelagic waters, and ∼0.01-1 nM in bathypelagic waters (Clifford et al, 2019).…”

Section: Sulfonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Diversity and Biochemical Transformation of Biogenic Organic Sulfur in the Ocean

Tang

2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Organic sulfur compounds are not only essential for organismal survival but also indispensable for the sulfur cycle. Over the past few decades, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) cycling in the upper ocean have been well characterized from the genetic to the ecosystem level. Recent advances in the study of marine sulfonate transformation have indicated that phytoplankton and microbes play key roles in oceanic sulfur and carbon fluxes. This review provides biochemical details of the major sulfur metabolites, and presents an interlinked reaction network with genetic information on the microbial transformation and mineralization of sulfur compounds. This review also discusses future prospects for the discovery and characterization of novel substrates and enzymes involved in organosulfur cycling, as well as for investigations of deep sea and sedimentary organic sulfur.

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Section: Sulfonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Diversity and Biochemical Transformation of Biogenic Organic Sulfur in the Ocean

Tang

2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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“…It is known that taurine can be produced in high amounts in red algae, but it is not an essential organic acid [19]. In higher plants taurine acts as an anti-stress agent [20], and in algae it can serve as an osmolyte to tolerate high salt concentrations [21]. Thus, even if the primarily function of catenelline is that of an UV-protectant, other possible physiological functions are worth investigating further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids in Selected Algae and Cyanobacteria by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and a Novel MAA from the Red Alga Catenella repens

et al. 2015

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Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), a group of small secondary metabolites found in algae, cyanobacteria, lichens and fungi, have become ecologically and pharmacologically relevant because of their pronounced UV-absorbing and photo-protective potential. Their analytical characterization is generally achieved by reversed phase HPLC and the compounds are often quantified based on molar extinction coefficients. As an alternative approach, in our study a fully validated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method is presented. It enables the precise quantification of several analytes with adequate retention times in a single run, and can be coupled directly to MS. Excellent linear correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.9991) were obtained, with limit of detection (LOD) values ranging from 0.16 to 0.43 µg/mL. Furthermore, the assay was found to be accurate (recovery rates from 89.8% to 104.1%) and precise (intra-day precision: 5.6%, inter-day precision ≤6.6%). Several algae were assayed for their content of known MAAs like porphyra-334, shinorine, and palythine. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data indicated a novel compound in some of them, which could be isolated from the marine species Catenella repens and structurally elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) as (E)-3-hydroxy-2-((5-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-3-((2-sulfoethyl)amino)cyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)amino) propanoic acid, a novel MAA called catenelline.

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“…Tau is synthesized by a wide range of marine organisms, such as fish (Chang et al 2013), invertebrates (Allen and Garrett 1971;Welborn and Manahan 1995) including crustaceans (Finney 1978), and algae (Amin et al 2015;Tevatia et al 2015). The role of Tau as an osmolyte in marine metazoans (Awapara et al 1959;Awapara 1962;Allen and Garrett 1971) and in prokaryotes (McLaggan and Epstein 1991;Graham and Wilkinson 1992) is well known.…”

Section: ;mentioning

confidence: 99%

Crustacean zooplankton release copious amounts of dissolved organic matter as taurine in the ocean

Clifford

Hansell

Varela

et al. 2017

Limnology & Oceanography

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Taurine (Tau), an amino acid‐like compound, is present in almost all marine metazoans including crustacean zooplankton. It plays an important physiological role in these organisms and is released into the ambient water throughout their life cycle. However, limited information is available on the release rates by marine organisms, the concentrations and turnover of Tau in the ocean. We determined dissolved free Tau concentrations throughout the water column and its release by abundant crustacean mesozooplankton at two open ocean sites (Gulf of Alaska and North Atlantic). At both locations, the concentrations of dissolved free Tau were in the low nM range (up to 15.7 nM) in epipelagic waters, declining sharply in the mesopelagic to about 0.2 nM and remaining fairly stable throughout the bathypelagic waters. Pacific amphipod–copepod assemblages exhibited lower dissolved free Tau release rates per unit biomass (0.8 ± 0.4 μmol g−1 C‐biomass h−1) than Atlantic copepods (ranging between 1.3 ± 0.4 μmol g−1 C‐biomass h−1 and 9.5 ± 2.1 μmol g−1 C‐biomass h−1), in agreement with the well‐documented inverse relationship between biomass‐normalized excretion rates and body size. Our results indicate that crustacean zooplankton might contribute significantly to the dissolved organic matter flux in marine ecosystems via dissolved free Tau release. Based on the release rates and assuming steady state dissolved free Tau concentrations, turnover times of dissolved free Tau range from 0.05 d to 2.3 d in the upper water column and are therefore similar to those of dissolved free amino acids. This rapid turnover indicates that dissolved free Tau is efficiently consumed in oceanic waters, most likely by heterotrophic bacteria.

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The taurine biosynthetic pathway of microalgae

Cited by 49 publications

References 34 publications

Chemical Diversity and Biochemical Transformation of Biogenic Organic Sulfur in the Ocean

Chemical Diversity and Biochemical Transformation of Biogenic Organic Sulfur in the Ocean

Analysis of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids in Selected Algae and Cyanobacteria by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and a Novel MAA from the Red Alga Catenella repens

Crustacean zooplankton release copious amounts of dissolved organic matter as taurine in the ocean

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