The Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illnessiv. Prevalence of Rhinovirus Serotypes, 1966–196912

Monto, Arnold S.; Cavallaro, Joseph J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121466

Cited by 34 publications

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“…This was probably due to the intensified sampling because of the simultaneous presence of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 in the sewage from Skalica (Cernakova et al, 2005). The isolation of genetically distinct HRV strains from concomitant or successive specimens was not surprising, since multiple serotypes (Fox et al, 1975;Gwaltney et al, 1968;Monto & Cavallaro, 1972) or multiple genetically identified types (Peltola et al, 2008;Savolainen et al, 2002a) are known to co-circulate in a given population during each HRV season. In addition to the co-circulation of different HRV strains in restricted regions, the simultaneous existence of practically identical HRV strains in distinct locations was seen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of human rhinovirus field strains isolated during surveillance of enteroviruses

Blomqvist

Savolainen-Kopra

Paananen

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), which are the most frequent causative agents of acute upper respiratory tract infections, are abundant worldwide. We have identified HRV strains in environmental specimens collected in Finland, Latvia and Slovakia during the surveillance of polioand other enteroviruses. These acid-sensitive HRV strains were isolated under conditions optimized for growth of most of the enteroviruses, i.e. in stationary human rhabdomyosarcoma cells incubated at 36 6C. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences derived from the partial 59 noncoding region and the capsid region coding for proteins VP4/VP2 and VP1 showed that the HRV field strains clustered together with prototype strains of the HRV minor receptor group. Partial sequences of the 3D polymerase coding region generally followed this pattern, with the exception of a set of three HRV field strains that formed a subcluster not close to any of the established HRV-A types, suggesting that recombination may have occurred during evolution of these HRV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 capsid protein coding region showed that the 'environmental' HRV field strains were practically identical to HRV strains recently sequenced by others in Australia, the United States and Japan. Analysis of amino acids corresponding to the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 receptor footprint in major receptor group HRVs and also in the low-density lipoprotein receptor footprint of minor receptor group HRVs showed conservation of the 'minor receptor group-like' amino acids, indicating that the field strains may have maintained their minor receptor group specificity. INTRODUCTIONHuman rhinoviruses (HRVs) belong to the family Picornaviridae and together with human enteroviruses (HEV) and a number of non-human enterovirus strains comprise the largest genus (Enterovirus) in the family (Knowles, 2008). Clinical illnesses caused by HRV are typically mild and self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections or common colds, but HRVs have also been increasingly associated with other clinical consequences of respiratory tract infection such as acute otitis media (NoksoKoivisto et al., 2004;Pitkaranta et al., 1998;Vesa et al., 2001), acute community-acquired sinusitis (Pitkaranta et al., 1997(Pitkaranta et al., , 2001), bronchiolitis (Hayden, 2004), pneumonia (Papadopoulos, 2004 and exacerbations of existing respiratory disorders such as asthma (Gern, 2002) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Greenberg, 2002).HRV encompasses 100 designated serotypes, including two antigenically distinct subtypes of serotype HRV1 (HRV1A and HRV1B) (Hamparian et al., 1987;Kapikian et al., 1967Kapikian et al., , 1971. The current taxonomy is based on genetic relationships of HRV. Genetic analysis of VP4/VP2 (Savolainen et al., 2002a) and VP1 (Laine et al., 2005; Ledford et al., 2004) capsid protein coding regions showed that the 100 serotypes cluster into two genetically distinct species, HRV-A and HRV-B. One HRV strain originally assigned as HRV87 belongs to the enterovirus species H...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of human rhinovirus field strains isolated during surveillance of enteroviruses

Blomqvist

Savolainen-Kopra

Paananen

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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“…Infections occur year-round with well defined periods of prevalence in the fall and spring, at least in the Northern Hemisphere (19,24,26,42). Rhinoviral infections are spread f r o m person to person by virus-containing respiratory secretions 1 Corresponding author.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission and control of rhinovirus colds

Jennings

Dick

1987

Eur J Epidemiol

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With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. Although rhinoviruses are probably the world's leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. Anti-rhinovirus drug development is also moving forward. Although there are over 100 rhinovirus serotypes, it has been found that most rhinoviruses attach to a single cell receptor by a single binding site on the virus. Also, the structure of the rhinovirus capsid is now known at the atomic level. These two pieces of knowledge about basic viral architecture appear to open new vistas for reasoned synthesis of antiviral drugs, and some promising compounds are now under investigation. Even interferon has been demonstrated useful in a family setting. On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.

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“…Considerable epidemiological detail is available about respiratory infections in this community (4), including information on the circulation of viruses which cause common colds. During the early fall months, a consistent increase in acute upper respiratory illness has been observed in parallel with the recovery of rhinoviruses as the predominant isolate (4 Each family was visited in their home before the trial began, to obtain written, informed consent. Family members were provided with appropriately labeled canisters and were instructed on how to administer therapy.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Occasionally, there were problems with cell cultures from commercial sources, and in such cases, the frozen specimens were inoculated into fresh tubes, and the entire procedure was repeated. Rhinovirus isolates were identified as previously described (4).…”

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Controlled trial of enviroxime against natural rhinovirus infections in a community

Miller

Monto²,

DeLong

et al. 1985

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The therapeutic effect of intranasally administered enviroxime was tested against naturally occurring common colds. The double-blind evaluation was carried out in Tecumseh, Mich., during a period when rhinoviruses are usually the principal pathogen. Rhinovirus transmission followed the typical pattern during this period of study. Although there were trends indicating greater therapeutic effectiveness for enviroxime when certain nasal symptoms were considered, there were no consistent statistically pignificant differences between treated and untreated groups. Results were unchanged when illnesses in different periods or associated with rhinovirus isolation were examined. It was concluded that no therapeutic effect of enviroxime was demonstrated.Although enviroxime [2-amino-1-(isopropylsulfonyl)-6-benzimidazole phenyl ketone oxime] has been shown to be effective against rhinovirus replication in vitro (1), conflicting evidence has been presented on its efficacy in preventing or treating human infections. For example, Phillpotts et al. (5) showed a reduction in rhinorrhea and shedding of rhinovirus type 9 in a prophylactic challenge trial during which enviroxime was administered to volunteers both intranasally (284 ,ug) and orally (25 mg) four times a day. In contrast, Hayden and Gwaltney (2) did not find differences in infection or illness in a prophylactic trial during which 284 ,ug of enviroxime was given intranasally five times a day against a challenge of rhinovirus type 39; in this study, no oral drug was given. In a recent report in which intranasal enviroxime was tested in therapy against rhinovirus challenge, Phillpotts et al. (6) administered six daily intranasal doses and found a significant improvement on day 5 of the trial. They suggested that larger numbers of individuals might be needed before a significant therapeutic effect could be unequivocally demonstrated and that a large-scale field trial to evaluate conditions of natural infection would be more realistic in testing enviroxime.For this reason, a therapeutic trial of enviroxime was carried out against natural infection in an open population.

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The Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illnessiv. Prevalence of Rhinovirus Serotypes, 1966–196912

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Molecular characterization of human rhinovirus field strains isolated during surveillance of enteroviruses

Molecular characterization of human rhinovirus field strains isolated during surveillance of enteroviruses

Transmission and control of rhinovirus colds

Controlled trial of enviroxime against natural rhinovirus infections in a community

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