The temperature dependence of the wear resistance of iron-base NOREM 02 hardfacing alloy

Kim, Junki; Kim, Seon Jin

doi:10.1016/s0043-1648(99)00326-9

Cited by 52 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The galling frequency behaviour of 316L at elevated temperature therefore appears to be controlled almost entirely by changes in characteristic galling load with the Weibull shape factor being relatively insensitive to temperature. Whilst reductions in characteristic galling load were observed, these were all relatively smooth, without the abrupt transition in galling resistance as reported by several investigators [8,11]. 316L is well known for its poor galling resistance at loads between 4 -8 MPa 3 , reducing by several MPa with increasing temperature [13,15,16,18,54,55].…”

Section: Initial Investigations With Low Roughness Surfacessupporting

confidence: 55%

“…This suggests that the strength of adhesion is irrelevant after the onset of metal-on-metal contact and that surface geometry controls the deformation. This further suggests that a change in the deformation mechanism of the surfaces controls galling, whether this is phase transformation [8,11,14,19,20,26] or removal of protective surface oxide layers [8,14,19,26,28]. Deformation at this length scale therefore appears to be controlled by the geometry of the surfaces rather than the adhesion between them, in bare-metal single phase austenitic materials.…”

Section: Investigation Of Adhesion Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for this temperature sensitivity, with several authors considering the roles of γ → α′ martensitic transformations [8,11,14,19,20], stacking fault energy [20][21][22], oxidation and oxide layer support [11,19] and the strength of adhesion [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The roles of adhesion, internal heat generation and elevated temperatures in normally loaded, sliding rough surfaces

Poole

Barzdajn

Dini

et al. 2020

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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Highlights• Temperature rises due to plastic and heat generation are inconsequential when sliding rates representative to galling are accounted for • The strength of adhesion is not relevant to the deformation of rough surfaces in the context of single-phase austenitic 316L stainless steel during metal-on-metal contact • Increasing temperatures show quantifiable effects on galling resistance but not to the level as found experimentally in the literature • Galling appears to be controlled by mechanisms (e.g. phase transformation, surface coating degradation) other than the simple mechanisms considered here Abstract The thermal effects of plastic and frictional heat generation and elevated temperature were examined along with the role of adhesion in the context of galling wear, using a representative crystal plasticity, normally loaded, sliding surface model. Galling frequency behaviour was predicted for 316L steel.Deformation of the surfaces was dominated by the surface geometry, with no significant effect due to variations in frictional models. Plastic and frictional heating were found to have a minimal effect on the deformation of the surface, with the rapid conduction of heat preventing any highly localised heating.There was no corresponding effect on the predicted galling frequency response.Isothermal, elevated temperature conditions caused a decrease in galling resistance, driven by the temperature sensitivity of the critical resolved shear stress. The extent of deformation, as quantified by the area of plastically deformed material and plastic reach, increased with temperature. Comparisons were made with literature results for several surface amplitude and wavelength conditions. Model results compared favourably with those in the literature. However, the reduction in predicted galling resistance with elevated temperature for a fixed surface was not as severe as observations in the literature, suggesting other mechanisms (e.g. phase transformations, surface coatings and oxides) are likely important.

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Section: Initial Investigations With Low Roughness Surfacessupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Investigation Of Adhesion Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The roles of adhesion, internal heat generation and elevated temperatures in normally loaded, sliding rough surfaces

Poole

Barzdajn

Dini

et al. 2020

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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“…Although work has predominantly been focussed upon the mechanism of surface deformation and failure, some work has also been carried out on the subsurface changes observed after adhesive wear and galling. A number of authors have reported the formation of a heavily sheared sub-surface region [8,18] which, for austenitic stainless steels has been found to contain strain-induced α -martensite (SIM) [18,19]. As such, martensite is widely considered to be a source of galling resistance in stainless steels since the reduction in galling resistance correlates with the reduction in SIM formation at elevated temperatures [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of authors have reported the formation of a heavily sheared sub-surface region [8,18] which, for austenitic stainless steels has been found to contain strain-induced α -martensite (SIM) [18,19]. As such, martensite is widely considered to be a source of galling resistance in stainless steels since the reduction in galling resistance correlates with the reduction in SIM formation at elevated temperatures [19]. This heavily sheared region is similar in appearance to the sub-surface microstructural changes observed after fretting, termed the white layer [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interaction of galling and oxidation in 316L stainless steel

Rogers

Bowden

Unnikrishnan

et al. 2020

Wear

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The galling behaviour of 316L stainless steel was investigated in both the unoxidised and oxidised states, after exposure in simulated PWR water for 850 h. Galling testing was performed according to ASTM G196 in ambient conditions. 316L was found to gall by the wedge growth and flow mechanism in both conditions. This resulted in folds ahead of the prow and adhesive junction, forming a heavily sheared multilayered prow. The galling trough was seen to have failed through successive shear failure during wedge flow. Immediately beneath the surface a highly sheared nanocrystalline layer was seen, termed the tribologically affected zone (TAZ). It was observed that strain-induced martensite formed within the TAZ. Galling damage was quantified using R t (maximum height -maximum depth) and galling area (the proportion of the sample which is considered galled), and it was shown that both damage measures decreased significantly on the oxidised samples. At an applied normal stress of 4.2 MPa the galled area was 14 % vs. 1.2 % and the R t was 780 µm vs. 26 µm for the unoxidised and oxidised sample respectively. This trend was present at higher applied normal stresses, although less prominent. This difference in galling behaviour is likely to be a result of a reduction in adhesion in the case of the oxidised surface.

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Characterization of the Interfacial Zone Between a HIPed Fe-Based Alloy and a Stainless Steel Container

Tellier

Ardigo-Besnard

Chateau-Cornu

et al. 2020

J. of Materi Eng and Perform

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The temperature dependence of the wear resistance of iron-base NOREM 02 hardfacing alloy

Cited by 52 publications

References 17 publications

The roles of adhesion, internal heat generation and elevated temperatures in normally loaded, sliding rough surfaces

The roles of adhesion, internal heat generation and elevated temperatures in normally loaded, sliding rough surfaces

The interaction of galling and oxidation in 316L stainless steel

Characterization of the Interfacial Zone Between a HIPed Fe-Based Alloy and a Stainless Steel Container

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