The Tensile, Thermal and Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyetherimide and Polyetherketoneketone Processed via Fused Filament Fabrication

Glaskova-Kuzmina, Tatjana; Dejus, Didzis; Jātnieks, Jānis; Vīndedze, Elīna; Bute, Irina; Sevcenko, Jevgenijs; Aniskevich, Andrey; Stankevich, Stanislav; Boobani, Behnam

doi:10.3390/polym16030336

Polymers

2024

DOI: 10.3390/polym16030336

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The Tensile, Thermal and Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyetherimide and Polyetherketoneketone Processed via Fused Filament Fabrication

Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina,

Didzis Dejus,

Jānis Jātnieks

et al.

Abstract: Polymer materials are increasingly widely used in high-fire-risk applications, such as aviation interior components. This study aimed to compare the tensile, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of test samples made from ultra-performance materials, polyetherimide (PEI) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), using the fused filament fabrication process (FFF). The tensile tests were performed for these materials at different raster angles (0, 45, and 90°). The thermomechanical tests were done in the axial, perpen… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

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Characterization of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of 3D Printing Polymeric Materials Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Matsika-Klossa,

Chatzidai,

Kousiatza

et al. 2024

Materials

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This work aims at the determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of parts manufactured through the Fused Deposition Modeling process, employing fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. Pure thermoplastic and composite specimens were built using different commercially available filament materials, including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polylactic acid, polyamide, polyether-block-amide (PEBA) and chopped carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide (CF-PA) composite. During the building process, the FBGs were embedded into the middle-plane of the test specimens, featuring 0° and 90° raster printing orientations. The samples were then subjected to thermal loading for measuring the thermally induced strains as a function of applied temperature and, consequently, the test samples’ CTE and glass transition temperature (Tg) based on the recorded FBG wavelengths. Additionally, the integrated FBGs were used for the characterization of the residual strain magnitudes both at the end of the 3D printing process and at the end of each of the two consecutively applied thermal cycles. The results indicate that, among all tested materials, the CF-PA/0° specimens exhibited the lowest CTE value of 14 × 10−6/°C. The PEBA material was proven to have the most isotropic thermal response for both examined raster orientations, 0° and 90°, with CTE values of 117 × 10−6/°C and 108 × 10−6/°C, respectively, while similar residual strains were also calculated in both printing orientations. It is presented that the followed FBG-based methodology is proven to be an excellent alternative experimental technique for the CTE characterization of materials used in 3D printing.

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Characterization of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of 3D Printing Polymeric Materials Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Matsika-Klossa,

Chatzidai,

Kousiatza

et al. 2024

Materials

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Numerical Study of Melt-Spinning Dynamic Parameters and Microstructure Development with Ongoing Crystallization

Liu,

Feng,

Yang

et al. 2024

Polymers

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In response to an investigation on the paths of changes in the crystallization and radial differences during the forming process of nascent fibers, in this study, we conducted numerical simulation and analyzed the changes in crystallization mechanical parameters and tensile properties through a fluid dynamics two-phase model. The model was based on the melt-spinning method focusing on melt spinning, the environment of POLYFLOW, and the method of joint simulation, coupled with Nakamura crystallization kinetics, including the development of process collaborative parameters, stretch-induced crystallization, viscoelasticity, filament cooling, gravity term, inertia, and air resistance. Finally, for nylon 6 BHS and CN9987 resin spinning, the model successfully predicted the distribution changes in temperature, velocity, strain rate tensor, birefringence, and stress tensor along the axial and radial fibers and obtained the variation pattern of fibers’ crystallinity along the entire spinning process under different stretching rates. Furthermore, we also explored the effects of spinning conditions, including inlet flow rate, winding speeds, and the extrusion temperature, on the fibers’ crystallization process and obtained the influence rules of different spinning conditions on fiber crystallization. Knowing the paths of changes in mechanical performance can provide important guidance and optimization strategies for the future industrial preparation of high-performance fibers.

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High-Performance Polymer Blends: Manufacturing of Polyetherimide (PEI)–Polycarbonate (PC)-Based Filaments for 3D Printing

Singh,

Hubert

2024

Polymers

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The demand for high-performance polymers in 3D printing continues to grow due to their ability to produce intricate and complex structures. However, commercially available high-temperature 3D printing materials often exhibit limitations such as brittleness, warping, thermal sensitivity, and high costs, highlighting the need for advanced filament development. This study investigates the fabrication of polyetherimide (PEI) and polycarbonate (PC) blends via melt extrusion to enhance material properties for stable additive manufacturing. The addition of PC improved the processability of the blends, enabling successful extrusion at temperatures ranging from 290 to 310 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed a shift in the softening temperature (T) of PEI, indicating effective blending. To further improve the properties of the PEI:PC blends, 1 wt% of a compatibilizer was incorporated, resulting in homogeneous microstructures as observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimized PEI:PC (70:30) blend with compatibilizer (1 wt%) demonstrated a 49% higher storage modulus than neat PEI and a 40% greater storage modulus than ULTEM9085. Moreover, reduced melt viscosity facilitated consistent and stable printing, making these materials highly suitable for applications in aerospace and transportation, where performance and reliability are critical.

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The Tensile, Thermal and Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyetherimide and Polyetherketoneketone Processed via Fused Filament Fabrication

Cited by 3 publications

References 41 publications

Characterization of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of 3D Printing Polymeric Materials Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Characterization of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of 3D Printing Polymeric Materials Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Numerical Study of Melt-Spinning Dynamic Parameters and Microstructure Development with Ongoing Crystallization

High-Performance Polymer Blends: Manufacturing of Polyetherimide (PEI)–Polycarbonate (PC)-Based Filaments for 3D Printing

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