The teratogenic effects of graded doses of hypoxia on the chick embryo

Grabowski, Casimer T.; Paar, John A.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001030302

Cited by 50 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The absence of any marked change in tolerance to low 0 2 between the 5-8 day period and the 9-12 day period is not in agreement with the conclusions of Riddle (1924) and Grabowski and Paar (1958). It is noteworthy that the lower limit of a latent range described by Grabowski and Paar is at approximately 15%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 36%

The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability

Taylor

Kreutziger

1966

Poultry Science

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 36%

The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability

Taylor

Kreutziger

1966

Poultry Science

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“…In the 1950s and 1960s, a number of researchers (Grabowski and Paar, 1958; Ancel, 1959; Nelsen, 1960; Grabowski, 1961; Grabowski, 1964; Yamamoto and Noguchi, 1964; Grabowski and Schroeder, 1968; Noguchi, 1969; Smith et al, 1969) undertook descriptive studies on the effects of hypoxia on the morphology of chick embryos. Chick embryos were made hypoxic by incubation in an atmospheric mix of air and nitrogen atmosphere, by incubation at high altitude (Smith, 1969), or by shellacking the shells to prevent gaseous diffusion (Ancel, 1959).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of hypoxia on facial shape variation and disease phenotypes in chicken embryos

Smith

Young

et al. 2013

Disease Models &Amp; Mechanisms

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SUMMARYCraniofacial anomalies can arise from both genetic and environmental factors, including prenatal hypoxia. Recent clinical evidence correlates hypoxia to craniofacial malformations. However, the mechanisms by which hypoxia mediates these defects are not yet understood. We examined the cellular mechanisms underlying malformations induced by hypoxia using a chicken (Gallus gallus) embryo model. Eggs were incubated in either hypoxic (7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 or 19% O2) or normoxic (21% O2) conditions. Embryos were photographed for morphological analysis at days 3–6. For analysis of skeletal development, 13-day embryos were cleared and stained with alcian blue and alizarin red for cartilage and bone, respectively. Quantitative analysis of facial shape variation was performed on images of embryos via geometric morphometrics. Early-stage embryos (day 2) were analyzed for apoptosis via whole-mount and section TUNEL staining and immunostaining for cleaved caspase-3, whereas later-stage embryos (days 4–6) were sectioned in paraffin for analysis of cell proliferation (BrdU), apoptosis (TUNEL) and metabolic stress (phospho-AMPK). Results demonstrate that survival is reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Hypoxic embryos displayed a spectrum of craniofacial anomalies, from mild asymmetry and eye defects to more severe frontonasal and cephalic anomalies. Skull bone development was delayed in hypoxic embryos, with some skeletal defects observed. Morphometric analysis showed facial shape variation relative to centroid size and age in hypoxic groups. Hypoxia disrupted cell proliferation and, in early-stage embryos, caused apoptosis of neural crest progenitor cells. Hypoxic embryos also displayed an increased metabolic stress response. These results indicate that hypoxia during early embryonic craniofacial development might induce cellular oxidative stress, leading to apoptosis of the neural crest progenitor cells that are crucial to normal craniofacial morphogenesis.

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“…In part, this arises because low levels of CO 2 are beneficial to incubation, while there is no parallel advantage to mild hypoxia, and more severe hypoxia has long been understood to be detrimental (Grabowski and Paar, 1958;Mueller et al, 2015a;Riddle, 1924). Moreover, a wide range of different exposure protocols and O 2 and CO 2 exposure levels have been used.…”

Section: Hypoxia Hypercapnia and Avian Critical Windowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardio-respiratory development in bird embryos: new insights from a venerable animal model

2016

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-The avian embryo is a time-honored animal model for understanding vertebrate development. A key area of extensive study using bird embryos centers on developmental phenotypic plasticity of the cardio-respiratory system and how its normal development can be affected by abiotic factors such as temperature and oxygen availability. Through the investigation of the plasticity of development, we gain a better understanding of both the regulation of the developmental process and the embryo's capacity for self-repair. Additionally, experiments with abiotic and biotic stressors during development have helped delineate not just critical windows for avian cardio-respiratory development, but the general characteristics (e.g., timing and dose-dependence) of critical windows in all developing vertebrates. Avian embryos are useful in exploring fetal programming, in which early developmental experiences have implications (usually negative) later in life. The ability to experimentally manipulate the avian embryo without the interference of maternal behavior or physiology makes it particularly useful in future studies of fetal programming. The bird embryo is also a key participant in studies of transgenerational epigenetics, whether by egg provisioning or effects on the germline that are transmitted to the F1 generation (or beyond). Finally, the avian embryo is heavily exploited in toxicology, in which both toxicological testing of potential consumer products as well as the consequences of exposure to anthropogenic pollutants are routinely carried out in the avian embryo. The avian embryo thus proves useful on numerous experimental fronts as an animal model that is concurrently both of adequate complexity and sufficient simplicity for probing vertebrate cardio-respiratory development.

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The teratogenic effects of graded doses of hypoxia on the chick embryo

Cited by 50 publications

References 24 publications

The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability

The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability

The effect of hypoxia on facial shape variation and disease phenotypes in chicken embryos

Cardio-respiratory development in bird embryos: new insights from a venerable animal model

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